Transcript File

Chapter 1 Lecture
Conceptual
Integrated Science
Second Edition
About Science
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
This lecture will help you understand:
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A Brief History of Advances in Science
Mathematics and Conceptual Integrated Science
The Scientific Method—A Classic Tool
The Scientific Hypothesis
The Scientific Experiment
Facts, Theories, and Laws
Science Has Limitations
Science, Art, and Religion
Technology—The Practical Use of Science
The Natural Sciences: Physics, Chemistry, Biology,
Earth Science, and Astronomy
• Integrated Science
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
A Brief History of Advances in Science
• The beginnings of science go back thousands of
years to a cause-and-effect way of looking at the
world.
– What events cause what results
– Rational thinking
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
A Brief History of Advances in Science
• Forward steps in the history of science, as
highlighted in the text, occurred in
– Greece
– Italy
– China
– Polynesia
– Arab nations
– Poland
– Germany
… and many other parts of the world.
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A Brief History of Advances in Science
• During the Dark Ages in Europe,
– Fall of Roman Empire
– Nomads destroyed scientific advancements
– Previous scientific knowledge was lost as religion
became established.
• During the 10th through 12th centuries,
– Islamic people brought books into Spain that had
been banned by the church.
– universities emerged.
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A Brief History of Advances in Science
• Advances during the 15th – 17th century:
– Invention of Gutenberg's printing press
– Experiments of Galileo
• The Earth is not the center of the universe
– Arrival of the Renaissance period, which
provided a foothold for the advance of science
and rational thinking
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Mathematics and Conceptual Integrated
Science
• Mathematics
– is an important tool in science.
– makes use of equations, which are shorthand
notations for the relationships between
scientific concepts.
– abbreviates a relationship that can be stated
in words.
– makes common sense.
– uses equations to guide your thinking.
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Mathematics and Conceptual Integrated
Science
• Example:
– Concept—When you stretch a spring, your pull
is proportional to the stretch.
– Proportion—expressed as F ~ ,
where F is your pulling force, and
x is the distance the spring stretches
• Proportions and equations tell you:
– If one thing changes a certain way, another will
change correspondingly.
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The Scientific Method—A Classic Tool
• Scientific method
– Outlined in Section 1.3—NOT to be
memorized
– One of the ways good science is performed
• More important than a particular method is:
– Attitude of inquiry
– Experimentation
– Willingness to accept findings, even those
that are not desired
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Scientific Method
• Observe
– The physical world around you
• Question
– Recognize a question or problem
• Hypothesize
– Answer your question
• Predict
– What will happen if the hypothesis is correct
• Test Predictions
– Do an experiment
• Draw a conclusion
– Was your hypothesis correct and why?
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© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Scientific Hypothesis
• Principle of falsifiability:
– For a hypothesis to be considered scientific, it
must be testable—it must, in principle, be
capable of being proved wrong.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Scientific Hypothesis
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
Which of these statements is a scientific
hypothesis?
A.
B.
C.
D.
The Moon is made of green cheese.
Atomic nuclei are the smallest particles in nature.
A magnet will pick up a copper penny.
Cosmic rays cannot penetrate the thickness of your
Conceptual Integrated Science textbook.
Explain your answer to your neighbor.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Scientific Hypothesis
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
Which of these statements is not a scientific
hypothesis?
A. Protons carry an electric charge.
B. Undetectable particles are some of nature's secrets.
C. Charged particles will bend when moving in a magnetic
field.
D. All are scientific hypotheses.
Explain your answer to your neighbor.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Scientific Experiment
• Rather than philosophize about nature, Galileo
went an important step further—he experimented!
• "The test of all knowledge is experiment.
Experiment is the sole judge of scientific truth."
Richard Feynman
• "No number of experiments can prove me right;
a single experiment can prove me wrong."
Albert Einstein
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Facts, Theories, and Laws
• Fact: a phenomenon about which competent
observers can agree
• Theory: a synthesis of a large body of
information that encompasses well-tested
hypotheses about certain aspects of the natural
world
• Law: a general hypothesis or statement about
the relationship of natural quantities that has
been tested over and over again and has not
been contradicted—also known as a principle
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Facts, Theories, and Laws
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
Which of these often changes over time with
further study?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Facts
Theories
Both facts and theories
Neither facts nor theories
Explain your answer to your neighbor.
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Facts, Theories, and Laws
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
A person who says "That's only a theory" likely
doesn't know that a scientific theory is a
A.
B.
C.
D.
guess.
number of facts.
hypothesis of sorts.
vast synthesis of well-tested hypotheses and fact
Explain your answer to your neighbor.
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Science Has Limitations
• The domain of science
– is in natural phenomena.
• The observable natural world.
– does not deal with the "supernatural”
• a domain "above science.”
• Philosophical or spiritual question
• Claims to supernatural phenomena, true or
otherwise, lie outside the domain of science
– Ex
- Astrology
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Science Has Limitations
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
A major difference between pseudoscience and
science is that pseudoscience
A.
B.
C.
D.
makes no predictions.
doesn't use scientific terminology.
has no tests for wrongness.
all of the above
Explain your answer to your neighbor.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Science, Art, and Religion
• Science asks how.
• Religion asks why.
• Art bridges the two.
• When science and religion address their
respective domains, conflict between the two is
minimized or absent.
• Both are motivated by curiosity about the natural
world.
• Like guitar strings they can work well together
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Technology—The Practical Use of Science
• Technology
– is an important tool of science.
– is sometimes the fruit of science, as in
medicine that cures disease.
– is a human endeavor.
– can be used to elevate or to diminish the
human condition.
• Shouldn't its potential be to elevate?
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The Natural Sciences: Physics, Chemistry,
Biology, Earth Science, and Astronomy
• Natural philosophy
– was at one time the study of unanswered
questions about nature.
– became science as answers were found.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Natural Sciences: Physics, Chemistry,
Biology, Earth Science, and Astronomy
• Physics is the study of basic concepts,such as motion,
force, energy, matter, heat, sound, light, electricity, and
magnetism.
• Chemistry builds on physics and studies how matter is
put together to produce the growing list of materials and
medicines that we use in our everyday lives.
• Biology, built on chemistry, is the study of life—the most
complex of the sciences.
• Earth science is the study of geology, meteorology, and
oceanography.
• Astronomy is the study of nature beyond the confines of
planet Earth' the far-out science.
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Integrated Science
• The fields of science
– overlap.
– merge into one another, such as biophysics,
biochemistry, geophysics, astrophysics, and
bioastrophysics.
– are acknowledged to present a cohesive
study of the natural world.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Integrated Science
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
Although physics may be the most difficult science
course in certain schools, when compared with the
fields of chemistry, biology, Earth science, and
astronomy, it is
A.
B.
C.
D.
the simplest.
still the hardest!
the central science, in between chemistry and biology.
simple enough, but only for especially intelligent people.
Explain your answer to your neighbor.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
• Significant Digits are all the digits that occupy
places for which actual measurement was made.
• Significant Digits Rules:
– 1. Digits other than zero are always significant
• Significant Digits Rules:
– 1. Digits other than zero are always significant
– 2. One or more final zeros used after the
decimal point are always significant
• 4.72 km
• 4.7200 km
• 82.0 km
3 Sig. Figs.
5 Sig. Figs.
3 Sig. Figs.
• Significant Digits Rules:
– 1. Digits other than zero are always significant
– 2. One or more final zeros used after the
decimal point are always significant
– 3. Zeros between two other significant digits
are always significant
• 5.029 m
• 306 m
4 Sig. Figs.
3 Sig. Figs.
• Significant Digits Rules:
– 1. Digits other than zero are always significant
– 2. One or more final zeros used after the
decimal point are always significant
– 3. Zeros between two other significant digits
are always significant
– 4. Zeros used solely for spacing the decimal
point are not significant. They are
placeholders only
• 7000 g
• 0.00783
1 Sig. Fig.
3 Sig. Fig.
Multiplication and division
32.27  1.54 = 49.6958
3.68  .07925 = 46.4353312
1.750  .0342000 = 0.05985
3.2650106  4.858 = 1.586137  107
6.0221023  1.66110-24 = 1.000000
Addition and Subtraction
Look for the
last
important
digit
.56
__ + .153
___ = .713
82000 + 5.32 = 82005.32
10.0 - 9.8742 = .12580
10 – 9.8742 = .12580
__
Mixed Order of Operation
8.52 + 4.1586  18.73 + 153.2 =
= 8.52 + 77.89 + 153.2 = 239.61 =
(8.52 + 4.1586)  (18.73 + 153.2) =
= 12.68  171.9 = 2179.692 =
Significant Figures
To determine the number of significant figures
in a number
Let’s take a look a technique that will help
us figure it out
It’s called the ATLANTIC - PACIFIC RULE
Atlantic – Pacific Rule
1. Draw a map of the United States and label
the 2 oceans … which are???
PACIFIC
ATLANTIC
Atlantic – Pacific Rule
1. If a decimal point is Present in the number
start counting from the Pacific side
2. If a decimal point is Absent in the number
count from the Atlantic side
3. Begin counting all numbers from the first
NON-ZERO digit
- That number and all digits after it
(including zeros) are SIGNIFICANT
Try the rule with these two numbers. How many
Sig figs are there?
0.06901
100,100,300
Significant Figures
Lastly, all COUNTING and DEFINED NUMBERS are
treated as if they have an INFINITE no. of Sig Figs
Ex: 2 pairs of gloves
7 Keys
2.54 cm = 1 inch
Counting
(infinite sig fig)
Counting
Definition
“
“
Atlantic – Pacific Rule
Let’s try some examples. How many significant
Figures are in the following numbers?
3456
4 sig figs
0.040860
5 sig figs
3.50001
6 sig figs
20000
1 sig fig
7 oranges
Infinite sig figs
Atlantic – Pacific Rule
Let’s try some more examples. How many sig figs
Are there in the following pairs of numbers?
750 vs. 750.
2 vs 3 sig figs
1001 vs. 1000
4 vs. 1 sig figs
2.07 vs. 2.070
3 vs. 4 sig figs
0.00572 vs 572
3 vs. 3 sig figs
1001. vs. 1000.
4 vs 4 sig figs
• Counting numbers are exact numbers and are
not measurements!
• So they are considered to have an infinite
number of significant digits
– So you don’t use them when figuring out how
many significant digits there are in an
equation.
• So they are considered to have an infinite
number of significant digits
– So you don’t use them when figuring out how
many significant digits there are in an
equation.
– Numbers in formulas are counting numbers
• A= bh/2
• The 2 does not count as a significant digit
Mathematicians
are Lazy!!!
They decided that by
using powers of 10, they
can create short versions
of long numbers.
How wide is our universe?
210,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
miles
(22 zeros)
This number is written in decimal
notation. When numbers get this
large, it is easier to write them in
scientific notation.
Scientific Notation
• A number is expressed in
scientific notation when it is in the
form
• a x 10n
• where a is between 1 and 10
• and n is an integer
210,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
miles
Where is the decimal point now?
After the last zero.
Where would you put the decimal to
make this number be between 1 and
10?
Between the 2 and the 1
2.10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000.
How many decimal places did you move
the decimal?
23
When the original number is more than
1, the exponent is positive.
The answer in scientific notation is
2.1 x 1023
1) Express 0.0000000902 in
scientific notation.
Where would the decimal go to make the
number be between 1 and 10?
The decimal was moved how many
places?
When the original number is less than 1,
the exponent is negative.
Write 28750.9 in scientific
notation.
1.
2.
3.
4.
2.87509 x 10-5
2.87509 x 10-4
2.87509 x 104
2.87509 x 105
2) Express 1.8 x 10-4 in decimal
notation.
3) Express 4.58 x 106 in decimal
notation.
On the graphing calculator, scientific
notation is done with the
button.
4.58 x 106 is typed 4.58
6
4) Use a calculator to evaluate:
4.5 x 10-5
1.6 x 10-2
• Type 4.5
-5
1.6
-2
• You must include parentheses if you
don’t use those buttons!!
• (4.5 x 10
-5)
(1.6 x 10
-2)
• 0.0028125
• Write in scientific notation.
•
5) Use a calculator to evaluate:
7.2 x 10-9
1.2 x 102
On the calculator, the answer is:
The answer in scientific notation
is
The answer in decimal notation is
6) Use a calculator to evaluate
(0.0042)(330,000).
On the calculator, the answer is
The answer in decimal notation is
The answer in scientific notation
is
7) Use a calculator to evaluate
(3,600,000,000)(23).
On the calculator, the answer is:
The answer in scientific notation
is
The answer in decimal notation is
Write (2.8 x 103)(5.1 x 10-7) in
scientific notation.
1.
2.
3.
4.
14.28 x 10-4
1.428 x 10-3
14.28 x 1010
1.428 x 1011
Write in PROPER scientific
notation.
(Notice the number is not between
1 and 10)
8) 234.6 x 109
9) 0.0642 x 104
Write 531.42 x 105 in scientific
notation.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
.53142 x 102
5.3142 x 103
53.142 x 104
531.42 x 105
53.142 x 106
5.3142 x 107
.53142 x 108