Transcript chapter 1&2 notes - School District of La Crosse

CHAPTER 1&2 NOTES
KONICHEK
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I.Science- The organized study of events in the universe.
A. Universe- all matter, space, time, and energy
B. Event- a happening along the timline of the
universe- obeys Entropy
II.Branches of science
A. Life sciences- the biological related sciences
B. Earth sciences- geology/ meteorology
C. Physical sciences- chemistry and physics
1. Chemistry- the study of how matter reacts
2. Physics- The study of the interactions between
matter and energy
a. Branch of knowledge, which studies the
physical world
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From atoms to the universe
• III Character of a physicist
• A. Inquisitive people- wondering why things do
what they are doing.
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1. Make observations then try to find the
causes for their observations
• 2. Observations lead to powerful conclusions
through experimentation
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Scientific method- the orderly way scientist searches for
answers.
A. Steps of the scientific method. - Provides a guideline for
research
1. Observe and state the problem
2. Analyze the problem
3. Hypothesis- an educated guess
4. Controlled experiment- many trials, many controls, one
variable
5 conclusions- based on the observations and the experiment
6. Repeat the procedure- provides validity of the data
So math finally has a purpose
I. Tool of the physicist is mathematics
 A. Should be able to do mathematical
manipulations of an equation to solve for
an unknown.
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1. In this class algebra 2 is
recommended.
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2. College physics requires calculas
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II. Metric system- French scientist 1795
A. Based on units of 10
1. SI-international system of units- these are uniform
throughout the world.
A, Length. Mass and time are fundamental units
1. Length=meter- defined as the multiple of wavelength
of light given off by krypton-86
2. Mass= kilogram- mass of a platinum- iridium cylinder
near Paris
3. Time = second-1967 defined as "radiation emitted by
a cesium-133 atom"
2. Derived units-these are combinations of fundamental
units (m/s), Kgm/s2
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III. Scientific notation- Based on exponential powers
A. Easier to work with. Makes very large or very small
numbers manageable
1. The numerical part is expressed as a number between
1 and 10, and that is multiplied by some power of 10
B.Rules for scientific notation
1. The decimal point is after the first figure.
2. Count the number of places the decimal had to move
and that is the exponential
a. If the decimal moved left the exponent will be
positive, if the decimal moved right the exponent is negative
HERE THEY ARE
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IV. Prefixes used with SI (page 17)
A. Based on powers of 10.
1) TETRA- 1012
2) GIGA- 109
3) MEGA 106
4) KILO
103
5) HECT 102
6) DEKA 101
7) BASE 100
8) DECI
10-1
9) CENTI 10-2
10) MILLI 10-3
11) MICRO 10-6
12) NANO 10-9
13) PICO 10-12
 V. Operations in Scientific notation
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A. Adding or subtracting- always makes
sure that both of the numbers have the
same exponents.
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B. Multiplying- Multiply the integers
together, then add the exponents
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C Dividing- Divide the integers then
subtract the bottom exponent from the top.
VI. Certainties- measurements have a
degree of uncertainty- can't be
avoided
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A. Caused by external circumstances
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1. The angle an object is read
from- Parallax
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a. Parallax is the apparent shift
in position from the reference point.
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B. Accuracy and precision
1. Precision- the degree of exactness to
which the measurement of a quantity can be
reproduce. Limit presented by the measuring
device
a. Trial 1 = 3.00x108 m/s
b. Trial 2 =3.02x108m/s
c. Ave= 3.001x108m/s
d. Reported 3.001x108 + .001m/s
Precision was .001m/s
2. Accuracy- The limit to which the
measured value agrees to the standard value.
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VII. Significant digits- the number of digits, which are
valid for any measurement.
A. Rules for sig figs
1. Nonzero digits are always significant
2. All final zero after the decimal point are significant
3. Zero between to significant figures are significant
4. Zeros used solely for the purpose of spacing decimal
point are not significant.
B. The number in the problem can be no more precise than
the least precise measurement.
• VIII. Displaying data.
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A. Line graph- most often used graph to
record data
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1. Independent variable-This variable does
not change as a result to anything
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a. Time-X-Axis
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2. Dependant Variable- this is a variable,
which responds to the values of the independent
variable
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a. Distance- Y-axis
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IX. Plotting points
A. Identify the dependant and
independent variables
1. Independent is on the X- axis
2. Dependant is on the Y- axis
 B. Determine the range of variables to be plotted.
C. Determine if the origin is needed.
 D. Number and label the axis
 E. Plot the points
 F. Draw the best possible straight line or smooth
curve that passes through as many points as
possible...it's not dot-to-dot.
 G. Give the graph a title that clearly represents
the graph.
X. Linear, quadratic and inverse functions
A. Linear- a straight-line function
1. y=Mx+b
a. M= slope of the line or
1.m= Y2-Y1/ X2-X1
B. Quadratic relationships- Y= kX2
C. inverse relationships- Y=1/x or k=xy
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manipulation for unknowns X. Units-This will determine if the
problem is done correctly when all
the units go away and you end up
with the units it’s suppose to be.