Transcript Regents Earth Science

Regents Earth Science
Unit I: Measurement and Change
What is Earth Science?
• The study of our planet and the universe
around us….
Four Parts of Earth Science:
1. Geology—study of our planet
2. Meteorology—study of our atmosphere
3. Astronomy—study of Earth’s motions and
other objects in space
4. Oceanography—study of Earth’s oceans
How do we study these four parts?
• Observations: using your 5 senses (sight,
taste, smell, touch, hearing)
**instruments can help (telescope,
microscope, scale)
From our observations, we can make…
1. Inferences: guesses about “why” an
observation happens (like a hypothesis)
You observe a person’s
Breath—you infer…
2. Classification: separate things by their
traits (“grouping”)
Why do we measure objects?
• To express our observations with greater
precision
Basic Units of Measurement (no math!)
1. Length: distance between 2 points
(mm, cm, m, km)
**we will use the Metric System
The longer lines on the metric
ruler are called…
• centimeters
The shorter lines on the metric
ruler are called…
• millimeters
There are……
•
•
•
•
10 millimeters in 1 centimeter
100 centimeters in 1 meter
1,000 millimeters in 1 meter
1,000 meters in 1 kilometer
Measure the turtle from the rear of its shell
to the tip of its nose. Record its length in
both centimeters and millimeters.
• 10.5 cm
• 105 mm
Measure the Lines in cm & mm
2. Mass: quantity of matter in an object—
this is not weight!!
(g, kg)
3. Temperature: the amount of kinetic
energy
(K, °F, °C)
Derived Units of Measurement (math is
used)
1. Area: Length x Width
(mm2, m2, km2)
2. Volume: how much space an object
takes up (Length x Width x Height)
(cm3 ,mL)
• Density: how much “stuff” (mass) is in a
certain volume (amount of space)
Density = Mass / Volume
g/cm3
or
g/mL
Block
Material
1
Steel
2
Aluminum
3
Black
Plastic
4
Wood
5
Clear
Acrylic
6
Copper
7
Bronze
Mass (g)
Volume (cm3 )
Density (g / cm3 )
What two factors affect density?
1. Temperature
*if the temp goes up—density goes down
Heat
2. Pressure
*if pressure goes up—density goes up
Pressure
Density Changes with a Phase Change
• Gas to liquid—density increases
• Liquid to solid—density increases
**with only one exception, solids are more
dense than liquids of the same substance
WATER! (because ice floats)
Mr. Belanger Math
1.
2.
3.
4.
Determine what the problem is asking for
Look in the ESRT’s to find the formula
Find the Important information
Put the important information into the
formula
5. Round (usually to the nearest tenth)
6. Units (we don’t want naked numbers)
Is there error in all measurements?
• YES!!!
• Percent Error (Deviation)
No Neg. Numbers
Difference from Accepted Value
Percent Error = --------------------------------------------- x 100
Accepted Value
What is Change?
•
Alteration of the environment
…change can be:
1. Instant
2. Over long periods of time
What are the two types of changes?
1. Cyclic Change: events will always
repeat themselves in a type of pattern—
can be predicted (seasons, moon
phases, eclipses)
•
Non-Cyclic Change: events will not
repeat themselves in a pattern—not
predictable (earthquakes, weather)
**most changes are cyclic and predictable
• Rate of Change: how fast or how
slow something changes
distance,
temperature
Change in Field Value
Rate of Change = ______________________
Time
Speed (mph)
Energy Flow and Change….
• Interface: boundary between regions with
different properties
…and the most important theme all year
• Dynamic Equilibrium: an attempt to
BALANCE the changes taking place
Scientific Notation
Formula:
n
M x 10
M = a number anywhere from 1 to 9.99999
n = the number of times the decimal has
been moved
Scientific Notation……
• If you move the decimal to the left, n is
positive
• If you move the decimal to the right, n is
negative