Transcript Period 1 Overview PPT

Key Ideas
0 3 Major Time chunks
0 Paleolithic era—2.5 million BCE- 8000 BCE
0 Development of Agriculture and Early Agricultural
Communities (8000 BCE to 3500 BCE.)
0 Earliest Civilizations (3500 BCE to 600 BCE)
0 Importance of the Environment
Key Developments during the
Paleolithic Period
0 Migration of humans throughout the world
0 Technological and social developments of humans
0 Characteristics of Paleolithic Society?
Why Agricultural Revolution?
0 New interest in more secure food
sources. Why?
New Foods under Agriculture
0 5 Major Plants—supply more than ½ of calories that
sustain life
0 Wheat
0 Corn
0 Rice
0 Barley
0 Sorghum
0 14 species of animals were domesticated
How did Agriculture spread?
0DIFFUSION—gradual spreading of
agricultural techniques without extensive
movement of agricultural people
0COLONIZATION OR MIGRATION—
increasing population pushed agricultural
peoples outward, which meant the conquest,
absorption, or displacement of earlier hunter
and gatherers
TECHNICAL INNOVATIONS LED TO
IMPROVEMENTS IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION,
TRADE, & TRANSPORT
0 POTTERY
0 PLOWS
0 WOVEN TEXTILES
0 METALLURGY
0 WHEELS AND WHEELED VEHICLES
Civilization
0A society distinguished by reliance
on sedentary agriculture, ability to
produce food surpluses, and
existence of nonfarming elites, as
well as merchant and
manufacturing groups.
CHARACTERISTICS OF A
CIVILIZATION (USUALLY)
0 GENERATION OF RELIABLE SURPLUSES
0 SPECIALIZATION
0 CLEAR SOCIAL CLASS DISTINCTIONS
0 GROWTH OF CITIES
0 COMPLEX, FORMAL GOVERNMENTS
0 LONG-DISTANCE TRADE
0 ORANIZED WRITING SYSTEMS
6 CORE OR FOUNDATIONAL
CIVILIZATIONS
0 MESOPOTAMIA
0 EGYPT
0 MOHENJO-DARO
0 SHANG
0 OLMECS (MESOAMERICA)
0 CHAVIN (SOUTH AMERICA
WHAT WERE KEY
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE IN
CIVILIZATIONS?
0 Patriarchy
0 Specialization
0 Social Stratification
0 More diseases
0 More warfare
0 Larger population
0 Greater complexity
DEVELOPMENT OF STATES
0 DEFINITION: a territory considered as an organized
political community under 1 gov’t
0 SOURCES OF STATE AUTHORITY?
0 RELIGION
0 WRITING
0 LAVISH LIFESTYLE TO SET THEM APART
0 EXAMPLE: PALACES, ELABORATE BURIALS
"Cuneiform" was a script whose name derives from
the wedges ("cunei" in Latin) impressed into soft
clay tablets to form characters. The clay was then
fired, and the result was the earliest known form of
writing in the world. The example here, from ancient
Sumer, about 2039 BCE, concerns the wages due to
supervisors of day laborers.
Cuneiform Writing
Hieroglyphics
Quipu
These inscribed oracle bones dates from the Shang Dynasty. The markings
reflect the earliest known form of Chinese written language.
Culture helped to unify these
states
Culture—learned or invented ways of living; it
became more important than biology in
shaping human behavior.
A typical stele, or marker, on
which Hammurabi's laws
were inscribed. Markers such
as these were placed in
prominent places for literate
citizens to consult. This shows
the king on the left and the
god Shamash, the god of law
and justice, on the right.
The Egyptians had complex ideas about the whole
process of the afterlife, including a judgment of the
deceased. Here, in a scene from the New Kingdom's
Books of the Dead, a princess watches as her heart is
weighed on a scale for purity. Gods shown include Osiris
seated on the right and the scribe god Thoth next to the
scale recording the result.
One panel of an object known as the "Royal Standard of Ur", created
in Sumeria around 2750 BCE. The object is composed of two mosaic
panels, made from lapis lazuli, limestone, and shell. These mosaics
are generally known as "War" and "Peace".
Bronze artifacts from Shang
China
Olmec Jade mask and Chavin
carved head
WHAT CAUSED CHANGE IN THESE
CIVILIZATIONS?
1. Environment
2. New ideas/customs/beliefs
3. Technology
4. Expansion/warfare
Pastoral nomads—Why were they so
significant during this time?
They were intermediaries, connecting
sedentary groups and initiators of diffusion
Indo-European MigrationsVery Significant Pastoralists
0 Various tribes who all spoke related languages deriving
0
0
0
0
from some original common tongue and who eventually
settled Europe, Iran, and Northern India.
Formed the common roots of many languages of Europe,
southwest Asia, and India
Probable original homeland: Caucausus, Southern Russian
plains to the North or in Eastern Anatolia
Between 3000 and 2000 BCE the Indo-Europeans were
driven from West Asia by some disaster. The tribes
dispersed in all directions and when they encountered
agricultural peoples, they turned to conquest to occupy the
land.
The Indo-European migrations set the stage for profound
changes across Eurasia.
Indo-European Migrations
0 Indo-Europeans domesticated horses by 4000 BCE. By 3000 BCE Sumerian
knowledge of bronze metallurgy and wheels had diffused north
0 They developed transportation technologies that were faster and more
efficient than other alternatives. It gave them a military advantage because
of the strength and speed of their horses.
0 Many Indo-Europeans considered themselves superior to other peoples.
0 Influence on trade
0 Horses, chariots with spoked wheels
0 Iron
0 Migrations to western China, Greece, Italy also significant
Hittites migrate to central Anatolia, c. 1900 BCE, later sack Babylonia
The Hittites
0 Most influential of the Indo-Europeans were the Hittites
0 1900 BCE-went to central Anatolia and imposed their rule on
the people there.
0 1600 BCE toppled the Babylonian Empire
0 2 major technological innovations:
0 1. light, horse-drawn war chariots
0 2. refinement of iron metallurgy
0 Sumerian chariots were heavy and slow, but Hittites used
spoked wheels that were lighter and more maneuverable
0 Chariot technology diffused widely so that charioteers because
elite strike forces of armies
0 After 1300 Hittites refined techniques of iron metallurgy
which made it more effective weapons cheaply and in large
quantities. (Heated iron and made it more durable)
0 Hittites weren’t the original inventors of these two technologies
but they improved and introduced innovations that others
adopted.
Other Indo-European Migrations
0 Indo-European migrations to the East went into central
Asia and went as far as China
0 Indo-European migrations to the West
0 1 group went into Greece and then later into central
Italy
0 Another group went from Southern Russia into Central
Europe and Western Europe and then to the British
Isles, the Baltic region, and the Iberian peninsula
0 Indo-European migrations to the south went into Iran and
India
Indo-European Migrations 3000-1000 BCE
Growth of Regional and Transregional
Trade
0 Although empires came and went, trade continued to
expand through this period
0 Trade between Mesopotamia and Indus Valley
flourished.
0 Trade also expanded between Egypt and Nubia
The Extent of Mesopotamian Trade
Egypt
and
Nubia
(Kush)
Ancient Nubia
• Kush, the Egyptian
name for ancient
Nubia, was the site
of a highly
advanced, ancient
black African
civilization that
rivaled ancient
Egypt in wealth,
power and cultural
development.
Kerma
0 The first capital of Kush
lay at Kerma just south of
the Third Cataract of the
Nile.
0 Here dwelt powerful and
wealthy black kings who
controlled the trade
routes connecting central
Africa with ancient Egypt.
Egypt Conquers Kush
0 The Egyptians, who had
few natural resources
of their own, sought the
precious, exotic
products of central
Africa to satisfy the
demands of their
luxury-loving populace.
0 By about 1500 B.C., the
Egyptians, feeling
threatened by the
Nubian kings, invaded
Kush and conquered it.
Gold from Nubia
0 Model coffin of Tutankhamun,
probably made from Nubian
gold. Found in his tomb at
Thebes. Egypt, Dynasty 18, ca.
1348-1338 BCE.
0 For the next four
centuries, the Egyptians
exploited Kush as a
colony.
0 Egypt's wealth in gold
came from the desert
mines of Kush. The
Egyptian word for gold
is nub, which is thought
by some to be the origin
of the name Nubia.
Kush Conquers Egypt, 730 BC
0 Around 730 B.C.,
Kush's warrior
hordes turned the
tables on a
weakened Egypt
and conquered it.
0 This event
established the
black Pharaohs
from Kush.
Nubia
• Muhammad Ahmad
"El Mahdi“ of Sudan
• Nubia was converted to
Christianity in the 6th
cent. A.D.
• Joined with the Christian
kingdom of Ethiopia, it
long resisted Muslim
encroachment, but in the
14th cent. it finally
collapsed.