Transcript File - Mrs. Blackwell Social Studies

MESOPOTAMIA
Agenda
1. Take pretest with data sheet (#2 in notebook)
2. Grade notebook (Record and file into
cabinet)
3. Assign title page (#1)– Computer images of
map of Mesopotamia, achievements, etc.
OUR CIVILIZATION: NEW YORK CITY
WHAT FACTORS MAKE US A “CIVILIZED” AND COMPLEX
SOCIETY?
Write down at least 3 ideas.
*NOTES*
WHAT IS A CIVILIZATION???
CIVILIZATION- (1) group of people living and working
together for the purpose of creating an organized society.
(2) “the highest cultural grouping of people which
distinguishes humans from other species”
(3) “complex systems or network of cities that emerge
from pre-urban culture”
*NOTES*
EIGHT BASIC FEATURES
OF A CIVILIZATION:
(1) Writing Systems
(2) Infrastructure- public works such as
bridges, roads etc.
(3) Government / Laws
*NOTES*
(4) Art / Architecture
(5) Social Classes
*NOTES*
(6) Organized Religion
(7) Job Specialization
(8) Development of
Cities
3.1 Geography Mesopotamia
• Mesopotamia- In ancient
•
times, the geographic area
located between the Tigris
and Euphrates Rivers. Means
Land between two rivers.
•
• Sumer- An area in southern
Mesopotamia where cities
first appeared.
•
• Trade- The business of buying, •
selling or exchanging items.
• Levee- A wall of Earth built to •
prevent a river from flooding
its banks.
• Silt- fine particles of rock
•
City-state- an early city that
was like a small, independent
country with its own laws and
government
Fertile Crescent- an arcshaped region in Southwest
Asia, with rich soil
Scribe- a person who writes
Irrigation- a means of
supplying land with water
Cuneiform- the world’s first
system of writing; developed
in Sumer
Polytheism- the belief in
many gods
Warm-up Wednesday 10/28
Write out questions—as always, use
notes to help!
1. What are the two rivers that make up the
“water” in Mesopotamia’s “land between
water?”
2. Mesopotamia is located in the _________
________ which is the rich farmland in
southwest Asia.
Mesopotamia
• The Worlds First Civilization
What is a civilization?
Civilizations (SIH•vuh•luh•ZAY•
shuhns) are complex societies. They
have cities, organized governments,
art, religion, class divisions, and a
writing system.
Why were river valleys important?
Farming - large amounts of people
could be fed
Trade - goods and ideas to move from
place to place.
Cities - grow up in these valleys and
became the centers of civilizations.
Mesopotamia
The land between two rivers.
Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia
was the worlds first
civilization.
The two rivers
that allowed
Mesopotamia to
succeed were the
Tigris and
Euphrates.
The fertile crescent
In the spring, the
rivers often flooded,
leaving behind rich soil
for farming. The problem
was that the flooding
was very unpredictable.
It might flood one year,
but not the next. Every
year, farmers worried
about their crops.
Irrigation
Over time, the farmers learned to
build dams and channels to control the
seasonal floods. They also built walls,
waterways, and ditches to bring water
to their fields. This way of watering
crops is called irrigation. Irrigation
allowed the farmers to grow plenty of
food and support a large population.
Fertile Crescent
Sumer
The first major civilization in
Mesopotamia was in a region called Sumer.
Food in Sumer
The Sumerians grew several kinds of
crops. The most valuable one was barley,
which was used to make flour and bread.
Dates were also very valuable to the
Sumerians. They were eaten once ripe or
else they were dried for future
consumption. Dates also made an
excellent wine.
Barley and dates
City-states
Each Sumerian city and the land
around it became a separate city-state.
Each city-state had its own
government and was not part of any
larger unit.
Social Classes in Sumer
Upper class - kings, priests, warriors,
and government officials.
Middle class - artisans, merchants,
farmers, and fishers. These people
made up the largest group.
Lower class - enslaved people who
worked on farms or in the temples.
Writing
The most
important
invention of the
Sumerians was
writing.
The writing of
the Sumerians
was called
cuneiform.
Cuneiform alphabet
1.B) The region was bordered by rivers on two sides.
2.Tigris and Euphrates (order doesn’t matter)
3.A) Mesopotamia contained a fertile river valley.
4.rich soil/good farm land/silt
5.to have water year round/control water to have for crops/so crops
wouldn’t be washed away
6.not having enough water year round/droughts/how to fertilize
crops
7.flooding; water; crops
8. water
9.(seeder) plow
10.Food/agriculture/crops
11.Trade/commerce
12.the act of buying and selling (goods and services)/ trade
13.(lightweight/river) boat; with reeds/ canvas/ tar/ bitumen/ to be
waterproof
14.stone; bitumen (order doesn’t matter)
15.backs; donkeys/carts
Mesopotamia
Advertisement
You may work with a partner or alone.
•
• Advertisement on one of the following:
–
–
–
–
–
Levee
Dam
Seeder plow
Pavement
Guffa
• Requirements:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Colorful
Catch phrase/motto
Pictures of the product/how you can use it
Explain what problem this solved
Include at least 3 words describing the product
Describe the product- how was it made? What was it used for?
Name on back
• Graphic Organizer will go in binder as item #6
• Option: Classroom Turn In Electronic or Hand-drawn
• This is a formal grade. Due on Monday. I will check your graphic organizer
tomorrow.
Create an advertisement for one of the following: levee, dam, seeder plow, pavement, or guffa
Must include the following:
*Catchy Title
*Key words to advertise and persuade (GREAT VALUE! EASY TO USE!)
*Reasons why it is beneficial
*What is it? (definition)
*Why should people of Mesopotamia buy one?
*Neat and organized work
*Colored
*Name on back
History of Mesopotamia
• Over the centuries, many different people
lived in this area creating a collection of
independent states
• Sumer- southern part (3500-2000 BCE)
• Akkad- northern part (2340 – 2180 BCE)
• Babylonia- these two regions were unified
(1830-1500 BCE and 650-500 BCE)
• Assyria- Assyrian Empire (1100 -612 BCE)
Religion
• Position of King was enhanced and
supported by religion
gods were worshipped at
huge temples called
ziggurats
Polytheistic religion consisting of over
3600 gods and demigods
Prominent Mesopotamian gods
Enlil (supreme god & god of air)
Ishtar (goddess of fertility & life)
An (god of heaven)
Enki (god of water & underworld)
Shamash (god of sun and giver of law)
• Kingship believed to be created by
gods and the king’s power was
divinely ordained
• Belief that gods lived on the distant
mountaintops
• Each god had control of certain
things and each city was ruled by a
different god
• Kings and priests acted as
interpreters as they told the people
what the god wanted them to do
(ie. by examining the liver or lungs
of a slain sheep)
Ziggurats
•
•
Ziggurat of Ur -2000BCE
•
•
•
•
Large temples dedicated to
the god of the city
Made of layer upon layer of
mud bricks in the shape of a
pyramid in many tiers
(due to constant flooding and
from belief that gods resided
on mountaintops)
Temple on top served as the
god’s home and was
beautifully decorated
Inside was a room for
offerings of food and goods
Temples evolved to zigguratsa stack of 1-7 platforms
decreasing in size from
bottom to top
Famous ziggurat was Tower of
Babel (over 100m above
ground and 91m base)
• Political structure an early form of
democracy
• Frequent wars led to the emergence
of warriors as leaders
• Eventually rise of monarchial system
• co-operation was the basis of
government
• Followed leadership of god of the city
which was interpreted by a council of
leading citizens > or > priests > or
leader of the city (ie. king)
Sumerians
• social, economic and intellectual basis
• Irrigated fields and produced 3 main
crops (barley, dates and sesame seeds)
• built canals, dikes, dams and drainage systems
• develop cuneiform writing
• invented the wheel
• Abundance of food led to steady increase of population (farm, towns, cities)
• first city of the world
• Developed a trade system with bartering: mainly barley but also wool and
cloth for stone, metals, timber, copper, pearls and ivory
• Individuals could only rent land from priests (who controlled land on behalf of
gods); most of profits of trade went to temple
• However, the Sumerians were not successful in uniting lower Mesopotamia
Akkadians
• Leader: Sargon the Great
• Sargon unified lower Mesopotamia (after conquering Sumerians in 2331
BCE)
• Established capital at Akkad
• Spread Mesopotamian culture
• However, short-lived dynasty as Akkadians were conquered by the
invading barbarians by 2200 BCE
Babylonians
KING HAMMURABI’S BABLYON
•
•
•
•
•
•
• Babylonians reunited Mesopotamia in 1830
BCE
• central location dominated trade and
secured control
• YET AGAIN, Mesopotamia was not unified
for long…
•
•
(6th Amorite king) who conquered Akkad
and Assyria (north and south)
He build new walls to protect the city and
new canals and dikes to improve crops
Economy based on agriculture and wool /
cloth
individuals could own land around cities
Artisans and merchants could keep most
profits and even formed guilds /
associations
Grain used as the medium of exchange >
emergence of measurement of currency:
shekel = 180 grains of barley; mina = 60
shekels
Mina was eventually represented by
metals which was one of first uses of
money (but it was still based on grain)
Hammurabi’s Legacy: law code
Vocabulary for Mesopotamian Society
and Innovations
•
•
•
•
•
Polytheism- the belief that there are •
many gods
Ziggurat- an ancient Mesopotamian
•
temple tower with outside staircases
and a shrine at the top
Artisan- a craftsperson
Patriarchal- describes societies, tribes,
clans, families, or other groups ruled by •
a man who is known as a patriarch.
•
Empire- a large territory in which
several groups of people are ruled by a
single leader or government
Cuneiform- writing that uses wedgeshaped characters
Hammurabi- Hammurabi was the ruler
of the first dynasty of Babylon, from
about 1792 to 1750 BCE. He is the most
famous ruler of that dynasty mainly
because of the laws he set down.
Code of law- a collection of written
laws and rules
Siege- a military blockade and attack
on a city to force it to surrender
Nomads to farmers
• http://app.discoveryeducation.com/player/vie
w/assetGuid/3029357E-9BB7-40D5-93E2EFFBDCA2AFFE
• Complete video notes while watching
TheEpic of Gilgamesh
The most famous piece of literature
from Sumer is the Epic of Gilgamesh.
An epic is a long poem that tells the
story of a hero. The hero Gilgamesh is a
king who travels around the world with a
friend and performs great deeds. When
his friend dies, Gilgamesh searches for a
way to live forever.
Sumerian Inventions
wagon wheel
plow
sailboat
number system based on 60
geometry
12 month calendar
wagon wheel
plow
sailboat
Sargon
In about 2340 B.C.,
Sargon conquered all of
Mesopotamia creating the
world’s first empire.
An empire is a group of
many different lands under
one ruler. Sargon’s empire
lasted for more than 200
years before falling to
invaders.
Hammurabi
Hammurabi is best known for his law
code, or collection of laws.
Law 5: If a judge makes an error through
his own fault when trying a case, he must
pay a fine, be removed from the judge’s
bench, and never judge another case.
Law 195: If a son strikes his father, the
son’s hands shall be cut off.
Mesopotamia Artifact Analysis
Warm up Thursday 11/5
Do not write out, just answer.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What is the purpose of a law?
What laws make you feel safe in this country?
Do you think our laws are “fair”?
What makes a law “fair”?
What do you think the saying “an eye for an
eye” means?
nearpod
• https://app.nearpod.com/#/?pin=0A39D572C
EE7660CDB2CF10286A183B4
King Hammurabi
• Hammurabi was king of Babylonia, a city-state
in ancient Mesopotamia.
• He ruled from about 1792 to 1750 BCE.
• During his long reign, he recorded a set of
rules for his kingdom to obey.
• These rules are thought to be the oldest laws
in the world!
The Code
• Mesopotamians believed that the Code of Hammurabi was
not created by the king, but rather that it was given to him
by Shamash, god of the sun, who was associated with
justice.
• Many historians believe that Hammurabi’s Code was
created by recording a number of the legal decisions he had
made throughout his reign. His decisions were based on old
Sumerian laws that had existed for centuries. No written
record of those laws has been found.
• It is believed that the copies of the law code were placed in
important locations throughout Babylon, so that people
would know the law and be aware of their rights. Most
aspects of life were covered by parts of the code.
Hammurabi’s 3-Part Code
Part 1, the prologue, details Hammurabi’s
contributions to the kingdom. It also declares
that he was sent by the god Marduk to rule
over men and ensure the protection of the
oppressed.
Part 2 is a collection of rigid societal laws
Part 3 is the epilogue. Hammurabi addresses
every social class in Babylonian society with
his rules.
Fair?
• If a man has knocked out the eye of a patrician,
his eye shall be knocked out.
• If a patrician has knocked out the tooth of a man
that is his equal, his tooth shall be knocked out.
• If a man has stolen a child, he shall be put to
death.
• If a life [has been lost], the city or district
governor shall pay one mina of silver to the
deceased's relatives.
What about these?
• If a man has stolen goods from a temple, or
house, he shall be put to death; and he that
has received the stolen property from him
shall be put to death.
• If a son has struck his father, his hands shall be
cut off.
• Hammurabi's Code lays out a clear and specific
structure of laws and punishments. These laws not only
protected innocent people who had been harmed, but
they also prevented criminals from being given a
punishment that did not fit their crime. For instance,
under the code, a thief might have his own property
taken away instead of being put to death. The idea of
having the punishment match the crime, both in type
of punishment and severity, is known today as the
principle of "an eye for an eye." Even though the code
standardized laws throughout the land, a person’s
social status made a difference in how the laws were
applied. For example, there was a greater penalty for
striking a man of a higher social class than there was
for striking a man who was equal to you.
Laws by Social Class
• 202. If a man strike the person of a man (i.e.,
commit an assault) who is his superior, he shall
receive sixty strokes with an ox-tail whip in public.
• 203. If a man strike another man of his own rank,
he shall pay one mana of silver.
• 204. If a freeman strike a freeman, he shall pay
ten shekels of silver.
• 205. If a man’s slave strike a man’s son, they shall
cut off his ear.
• The code also protected the Babylonian people
from unfair rulers and judges. Prior to the code,
there were no set systems or punishments. Rulers
and judges’ decisions were often inconsistent,
and there was no alternative for people who
believed they had been treated unfairly.
Hammurabi’s Code provided stability to the
system. Rulers and judges could no longer make
unfair or arbitrary decisions, or else they,
themselves, would be punished. Because these
laws were written in stone and displayed in
several locations, anyone who could read could
understand the laws
Friday 11/6 –write out
1) Who was the ancient Babylonian king who created the earliest
known code of laws?
A) Sargon
B) Hammurabi
C) Eannatum
D) Nebuchadnezzar
2) Which statement describes the influence of these Code?
A) Unlike earlier systems, it relied entirely on religious principles.
B) Unlike earlier systems, it assigned the same punishments to all classes
of people.
C) Unlike earlier systems, it was the first system that permitted people
who had been wronged to punish criminals themselves.
D) Unlike earlier systems, it established a consistent framework for all
judges to follow.
Analyzing the laws
1. Write out the law in bold letters.
2. Explain what you think this law means in
your own words.
3. Illustrate the law (yes it needs to be colored).
4. Explain how this law relates to current laws
that we have in this country (similarities and
differences).
5. Explain whether your chosen law is impacted
by the Class Hierarchy of Sumer.
Sample Hammurabi
Analysis
25. If fire break out in a house, and some one
who comes to put it out cast his eye upon the
property of the owner of the house, and take
the property of the master of the house, he
shall be thrown into that self-same fire.
*I believe this law means that if a person steals property from another during
a fire or other disaster, the punishment will fit the crime
and that person will be thrown into that fire.
* Under our laws criminals are punished for theft, but not with
physical harm.
*Punishment doesn’t appear to vary by class.
Warm up- Monday 11/9
1) The legal phrase “an eye for an eye” refers to the idea that
A) citizens should watch over the well-being of their neighbors
B) no crime can be proven without witnesses
C) a criminal’s punishment should match his or her crime
D) punishment of criminals should be done in public
2) Which statement best explains why it was uncommon for
an ancient Mesopotamian woman to work as a scribe?
A) Women could not own property.
B) Very few women were taught how to read and write.
C) Scribes were forbidden by law to have children.
D) Food production and supplies would decrease if women
left farm work.
Reading Centers
• With your table, you will be reading 3 out of 4
reading passages in the packet given to you. You
MUST read 3.3 and answer the questions, then
you can pick 2 of the green book passages.
• If you finished 3 passages, complete the 4th
passage for BONUS points!!
• After you have finished reading, create a list of 10
questions from section 3.1-3.3 that you think
might be on the test!
• TEST is Friday, November 13!
Warm-up Tuesday 11/10
Copy each question and answer:
1. How did calendars contribute to the growth of
cities in Ancient Mesopotamia?
2. The Sumerians developed the first alphabetbased system of writing.
This system is called:
3. Which innovation benefitted traders the
most?
Warm-up
- Have notebook organized and numbered for
turn in tomorrow.
- Get chromebook (don’t open)
- Silent Read until we go over Study Guide.
- If you did not do Study Guide you can’t play
Kahoot!
- Test tomorrow!!!!
Warm-up Friday
• Happy Test Day!!!!
• Get out data sheet (#2)
• Get out a Chromebook, silent reading book,
writing utensil (for data sheet).
• Silent Read until the test.
• After test, complete your data sheet and read!