Transcript Chapter 3 The Fertile Crescent Part II. Continued

CHAPTER 3: THE FERTILE
CRESCENT
continued Sections 3 & 4
THE ASSYRIANS,
PERSIANS AND
PHOENICIANS
Ms.
Brownlee’s
6 th Grade
World History
SECTION 3: THE ASSYRIAN AND PERSIAN
EMPIRES
This was the entrance to Ninevah, last capital of the
Assyrian Empire.
THE ASSYRIAN AND NEO-BABYLONIAN
EMPIRES
Assyria was part of both the Akkadian and
Babylonian empires.
Assyrians became fierce warriors, because
they were in constant conflict with
invaders.
Assyrians built a strong army that had the
strongest weapons of the time, made of
iron. They also fought riding horses, which
was a first for their time.
ASSYRIAN - FIRST MIGHT Y
MILITARY – USED HORSES,
ARCHERS & IRON
To keep stability in the empire, the Assyrian rulers
appointed governors to each province. Each
governor reported directly to the Assyrian ruler. The
first library was created at Ninevah by the Assyrian
ruler Ashurbanipal. It consisted of tablets on
mathematics, law, literature, and sciences.
NEBUCHADNEZZAR built the gardens
for his wife.
This is a
common
depiction of the
Hanging
Gardens.
Image taken
from:
scead303.com
Nebuchadnezzar came to power after
Ashurbanipal’s death. He is best known for
expanding his power as far as Egypt. He
captured Jerusalem and exiled the Jewish
people. He spent most of his money on
building projects. The picture above depicts
the Hanging Gardens, which he built for his wife,
who missed her homeland.
EXILE = the state of being barred from one's
native country, typically for political or punitive
reasons
THE HANGING GARDENS OF BABYLON
RISE OF THE PERSIAN EMPIRE
Cyrus the Great, King of Persia was able to
conquer land from Iran to Asia Minor.
This great accomplishment was due to the
fact that he had a standing army of 10,000
elite soldiers called the “Immortals”. They
were called the “Immortals”, because as
soon as one died, he was replaced by
another soldier immediately.
CYRUS TREATED CONQUERED PEOPLE
WELL.
Cyrus was able to rule such a large empire, because
those who he conquered were treated well. He
allowed conquered people to practice their own
religion and keep their own customs.
TOMB OF CYRUS THE GREAT
Cyrus died in 530 B.C. and his son Cambyses took
power. His son failed to continue his father’s quest.
After Cambyses died, Darius took power by force
and made Persia an even stronger empire.
PERSIA’S GOVERNMENT AND RELIGION
This is the symbol of Zoroastrianism. This image was taken from: kidsfreesouls.com.
PERSIA’S GOVERNMENT UNDER DARIUS
instead of forcing the people of Persia to have
one culture, he allowed them to follow their own
culture and allowed them to have some control
over their government.
Like previous rulers, Darius separated the Persian
government into satrapies or provinces. Each
province was led by a satrap.
allowed each satrapies to continue on with their
own rituals and laws.
Achievements under Darius
 improved the finances
 Created the tribute system,
in which the people paid
tribute to show loyalty to a
stronger power.
 created a common currency
 built new roads
 created one of the first
postal service stations.
PERSIA’S RELIGION - ZOROASTRIANISM
Zoroastrianism- created by Zoroaster, who taught
that there was one supreme God.
The religious text of Zoroastrianism is called
Avesta.
They believe that there is a struggle between good
and evil. They also believe that people play an
important role in the conflict between good and
bad, by working for good.
Zoroastrianism also believe in the concept of the
afterlife.
Zoroastrianism has affected Judaism, Christianity,
and Islam.
ARTS OF MESOPOTAMIA - SAMPLES OF
ART
Image taken from: abbeville.com
Image taken from: flickriver.com
ARTS OF MESOPOTAMIA
 Mesopotamian art shows the way the Mesopotamian people
lived their lives.
 Seals- Sumerians used seals to show ownership of a
particular item. A seal left the owner ’s personal mark on the
object signifying that it did not belong to anyone else, but
him.
Darius I. running
over a deceased
lion, and Ahura
Mazda God
Representation
of Zoroastrianism
looking from above.
Sculptures- Sumerians carved statues that looked like
real humans. This form of sculpture is called relief, in
which the scene sticks out from the surface of the
base material. A relief sculpture is found on a stele or
a carved stone slab or pillar that stands on one end.
Babylonians and Assyrians used relief sculptures to
add to what their already amazing art work. This was
done on the Ishtar Gate and on the sculpture that has
Hammurabi and the God Shamash with Hammurabi’s
Code of Laws below it.
THE ISHTAR GATE WAS CONSTRUCTED BY THE
BABYLONIAN KING NEBUCHADNEZZAR II CIRCA 575 BCE.
IT WAS THE EIGHTH GATE OF THE CIT Y OF BABYLON
THE PHOENICIANS
A Phoenician ship. Image taken from: timetoeatthedogs.com
THE PHOENICIAN PEOPLE
 Fearless sailors who guided ships full of trade goods
through ocean waters.
 Origins- Developed from earlier Canaanites.
Phoenician society was created when Egyptian rule
ended. The Phoenician rulers were priest-kings who
shared power with leading merchant families and
citizen assembly.
 Geography- greatly influenced the Phoenician
development. The Lebanon Mountain formed the
Phoenician border. This heavily forested mountains
sloped down and close to the Mediterranean cost.
 This left little land for farming.
PHOENICIAN TRADE
Phoenicians made a purple cloth that was
sold for a significant amount of money.
They also made pottery and furniture.
Due to their lack of natural resources, the
Phoenicians traded with other cultures.
Phoenicians imported and exported with
other countries to ensure their success.
PHOENICIANS AND THE SEA
The location of the Phoenicians was ideal for
trade. People often depended on them to ship
their trade goods across the Mediterranean Sea.
EXPERT SAILORS
Navigation- Phoenicians became experts at
navigation. They developed a thorough
knowledge of wind patterns and ocean
currents. They are believed to be the first
people to use the North Star to guide their
voyages.
Richest trading port is Carthage
Phoenician sailors often found sheltered harbors
along the coast of the Mediterranean. At first
these served as trading ports, but they soon
became colonies of Phoenicia.
One of the richest city-states of Phoenicia was
Carthage, on the North African coast. The Romans
eventually defeated the Carthaginians and took
over.
THE PHOENICIANS LIVED IN TODAY’S
COUNTRY OF LEBANON
THE PHOENICIAN’S LEGACY
 Through the process of cultural diffusion, the spreading of
cultural traits from one region to another , the Romans
and Greeks absorbed the Phoenician culture.
 The Phoenicians also created an alphabet. He first writing
system was created by the Sumerians, called cuneiform,
but it had hundreds of symbols that one had to memorize
to write in cuneiform. The Phoenician alphabet only had
22 symbols, in which each stood for a consonant sound.
 People who traded with the Phoenicians learned their
alphabet in order to communicate with them efficiently.
 Both the Greeks and Romans adopted the Phoenician
alphabet.
PHOENICIAN ALPHABET
Phoenician Alphabet. Image taken from: phoenician.org