Transcript PPT Notes: Ch.1

Ch.1: The Peopling of the World,
Prehistory – 2500 B.C.
Humans migrate
throughout much of the
world and begin to
develop tools, art,
agriculture and cities.
Illustration of Homo erectus
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The Peopling of the World,
Prehistory – 2500 B.C.
SECTION 1
Human Origins in Africa
SECTION 2
Humans Try to Control Nature
SECTION 3
CASE STUDY: Civilization
Map
Chart
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Section 1
Human Origins in Africa
Fossil evidence shows that the earliest humans
originate in Africa and spread across the globe.
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Human Origins in Africa
A. Scientists Search for Human Origins
1.1
1. Defining Prehistory:
• Time before the invention of writing, about 5,000 years ago
2. Scientific Clues
• Archaeologists study bones & artifacts —human-made objects
Technically, an anthropologist
• Anthropologists study culture—a group’s way of life
studies all aspects of humanity
• Paleontologists study fossils—plant or animal
(past, present, & future):
• physical (or biological),
remains preserved in rock
• cultural, and
• archaeological.
The archaeologist has a narrower
field, and studies the past by
recovering and analyzing artifacts
and evidence of material culture.
There is a great deal of overlap
between the two disciplines.
A paleontologist is a scientist who
studies fossils. If your basement is
filled with fossils found while out on
hikes, then you're an amateur
paleontologist.
Paleontology breaks down to the
Greek for "ancient" (paleo), "being"
(onto-), and "study" (-logy).
continued Scientists
Search for Human Origins
3. Early Footprints Found
• Mary Leakey team discovers prehistoric footprints in Tanzania in 1978
• Laetoli footprints belong to hominids –creatures that walk upright.
continued Scientists
Search for Human Origins
4. The Discovery of “Lucy”
• Donald Johanson team finds female hominid in Ethiopia in 1974
• Nicknames 3.5 million-year-old skeleton “Lucy”
continued Scientists
Search for Human Origins
5. Hominids Walk Upright
• Walking upright helps hominids travel distances easily
• They also develop opposable thumb
• Early hominids, like Lucy, are a species of australopithecines
Hominid = any of the modern or extinct
bipedal primates of the family
Hominidae, including all species of the
genera Homo and Australopithecus.
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Australopithecus Sediba
Homo Erectus
Homo Habilus
Australopithecus Afarensis (Lucy)
B. The Old Stone Age Begins
1. Two Phases of the Stone Age
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Paleolithic Age (Old Stone Age) lasted from about 2.5 million - 8000 B.C.
Neolithic Age (New Stone Age) lasted from about 8000 - 3000 B.C.
Paleolithic Age had cold temperatures and large glaciers (Ice Age)
Use of tools, fire, and language develops during the Stone Age
2. Homo habilis May Have Used Tools
• Louis & Mary Leakey discover 2.5 million-year- old hominid fossil
• Found in Tanzania, is named Homo habilis, “man of skill”
contiued The
Old Stone Age Begins
3. Homo erectus Develops Technology
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Appeared about 1.6 million years ago in East Africa
Homo erectus, upright man, used intelligence to develop technology
Technology—ways of applying knowledge, tools, and inventions
Developed tools to dig, scrape, cut; became skillful hunters
First hominid to use fire; might have developed language
First hominid to migrate from Africa; moved to Asia and Europe
C. The Dawn of Modern Humans
1. Appearance of Homo sapiens
• Species name for modern humans; had larger brain than Homo erectus
• Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons appear; not ancestors of Homo sapiens
2. Neanderthals Way of Life
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Powerful muscles and thick bones
Lived 200,000 - 30,000 years ago in Europe and Southwest Asia
Developed religious beliefs and performed rituals
Lived in caves, shelters made of wood and skin (wait… skin!!!!???)
Do you have Neanderthal DNA/traits?
“Recent genetic studies have shown that Neanderthal DNA spanning at least 20% of their
ancient genome survives in modern humans of non-African ancestry. If you are of European or
Asian heritage, then around 2% of your genome originated from Neanderthals.”
– info is from http://www.abroadintheyard.com/20-physical-traits-inherited-from-neanderthal/
This legacy was picked up from 60 – 80,000 years ago, when
successive waves of modern humans began migrating from Africa
into Asia and Europe, encountering and interbreeding with their
Neanderthal cousins who had evolved there from around 250,000
years ago.
Their hybrid children bore genes from both lineages, but eventually
modern human genes diluted Neanderthal genes to the extent that the
species seemed to disappear from the archaeological record around
30,000 years ago.
Those Neanderthal genetic mutations which were not beneficial to
modern humans were partially swept out by natural selection over
time. The remnants are alive in the genomes of Europeans and Asians
today. If you exhibit any of the following traits, they may just be an
echo of your inner Neanderthal:
continued The
Dawn of Modern Humans
3. Cro-Magnons Emerge
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About 40,000 years ago Cro-Magnons appear
Physically identical to modern humans
Hunted in groups; better hunters than Neanderthals
Advanced skill in spoken language
Migrated from North Africa to Europe and Asia
Population grew quickly, replaced Neanderthals
D. New Findings Add to Knowledge
1. Fossils, Tools, and Cave Paintings
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New fossil discovery places hominids in Africa 6 or 7 million years ago
Stone tools suggest toolmaking began earlier than previously thought
Stone flute suggests Neanderthals might have made music
Cave drawings of people, animals give clues to ways of life
Section 2
Humans Try to
Control Nature
The development of agriculture causes
an increase in population and the growth
of a settled way of life.
A. Early Advances in Technology and Art
1. Tools Needed to Survive
• Paleolithic (Old Stone Age) humans were nomads —moved in search of food
• Hunted animals, collected plant foods —were hunter-gatherers
• Cro-Magnons had more than 100 specialized tools; bone needles to sew
2. Artistic Expressions in the Paleolithic Age
• Early modern humans created art:
- cave paintings, animal sculptures, rock engravings & paintings
- jewelry of sea shells, lion teeth, bear claws
- polished beads from mammoth tusks
B. The Beginnings of Agriculture
1. The Neolithic Revolution:
• Neolithic Revolution —agricultural revolution, began about 10,000 years ago
• Nomadic women scattered seeds, then discovered crops growing
• Shift from food-gathering to food-production great breakthrough
2. Causes of the Agricultural Revolution:
• Rising temperatures probably a key reason
• Longer growing season, drier land for wild grasses
• Constant supply of food led to population growth
Crash Course World History #1 – Agricultural Revolution
continued The
Beginnings of Agriculture
3. Early Farming Methods
• Slash-and-burn farming —clear land by cutting and burning trees
• Farmers moved to new area after year or two
4. Domestication of Animals
• Domestication —taming wild animals to ensure a constant source of food
• Hunters and farmers tamed horses, dogs, goats, and pigs
Domesticated animals: cow, goat,
sheep, chicken, horse, pig, dog and cat
continued The
Beginnings of Agriculture
5. Agriculture in Jarmo
• Site in northeastern Iraq where people farmed 9,000 years ago
• Wild grasses, goats, pigs, sheep, horses thrived near Zagros Mountains
C. Villages Grow and Prosper:
1. Farming Develops in Many Places:
• Farming in Africa, China, Mexico and Central America, Peru
• Different crops developed in different areas
2. Catal Huyuk:
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Farming thrived here 8,000 years ago; located in modern Turkey
Population of 5,000 to 6,000 grew crops, raised sheep and cattle
Made pottery, wove baskets, traded valuable obsidian
In 1958, remains of village found; wall paintings, religious shrines
Section 3
Civilization
CASE STUDY: Ur in Sumer
Prosperous farming villages, food surpluses, and new
technology lead to the rise of civilizations.
Ur (biblical, Ur of the Chaldees), ancient city of Mesopotamia. Its ruins are approximately
midway between the modern city of Baghdâd, Iraq, and the head of the Persian Gulf, south
of the Euphrates River, on the edge of the Al ajarah Desert. The site of Ur is known today
as Tall al Muqayyar, Iraq
A. Villages Grow into Cities
1. Agriculture Causes Change:
• Farming success leads to larger communities
2. Economic Changes:
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Ancient people build irrigation systems to increase food production
Food surpluses free some people to develop new skills
Craftspeople make cloth, objects; traders profit from exchange of goods
Invention of wheel and sail enable traders to travel longer distances
Continued - Villages Grow into Cities
3. Social Changes
• Social classes develop; religion becomes more organized
B. How Civilization Develops
1. Sumer:
• Located in Mesopotamia, now part of modern Iraq
• One of the first civilizations —a complex culture:
- advanced cities
- specialized workers
- complex institutions
- record keeping
- advanced technology
continued How
Civilization Develops
2. Advanced Cities
• Cities with larger populations arise, become centers of trade
3. Specialized Workers
• Labor becomes specialized —specific skills of workers developed
• Artisans make goods that show skill and artistic ability
4. Complex Institutions
• Institutions—(governments, religion, the economy) are established
• Governments establish laws, maintain order
• Temples are centers for religion, government, and trade
continued How
Civilization Develops
5. Record Keeping
• Professional record keepers, scribes, record taxes and laws
• Scribes invent cuneiform, a system of writing about 3000 B.C.
• People begin to write about city events
6. Improved Technology
• New tools and techniques make work easier
• The Bronze Age starts in Sumer around 3000 B.C.
• People replace copper & stone with bronze to make tools, weapons
C. Civilization Emerges in Ur
1. The City of Ur
• Flourished about 3000 B.C. in what is
now southern Iraq
• Population about 30,000; live in welldefined social classes
• Rulers, priests and priestesses,
wealthy merchants, artisans, soldiers
2. An Agricultural Economy
• Food surpluses keep the economy thriving
3. Life in the City
• Families live in small houses tightly packed near one another
• Artisans make trade goods & weapons for Ur’s army
continued Civilization
Emerges in Ur
4. Ur’s Thriving Trade
• Goods and services bartered, or traded without using money
• Scribes make records of transactions
5. The Temple: Center of City Life
• Ziggurat, a temple, is tallest, most important building
• Priests carry out religious rituals there