Transcript Chapter 3

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CHAPTER FOCUS
SECTION 1 The Rise of Sumer
SECTION 2 Later Mesopotamian
Empires
SECTION 3 Contributions
CHAPTER SUMMARY & STUDY GUIDE
CHAPTER ASSESSMENT
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Overview
• Chapter 3 focuses on the development of
civilization in Mesopotamia from around
3500 to 1800 B.C. 
– Section 1 describes the rise of Sumer
and the development of city-states. 
– Section 2 discusses the effects of
conquest on the development of
Mesopotamia. 
– Section 3 presents the contributions of
Mesopotamia.
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Objectives
After studying this chapter, you will be able to:
• describe how religion, family life, and
government influenced Sumerian
civilizations. 
• explain why Hammurabi and his reforms
were important. 
• name Mesopotamian contributions.
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Read to Discover
• How religion, family life, and government
influenced the civilization of Sumer 
• Why Hammurabi and his reforms were
important 
• How the developments of Mesopotamia
contributed to other civilizations
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Terms to Learn
• city-state 
• artisans 
• ziggurat 
• cuneiform 
• scribe 
• priest-kings 
• empire 
• culture 
• reform 
• reign 
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People to Know
• Gilgamesh 
• Sargon I 
• Hammurabi 
Places to Locate
• Mesopotamia 
• Sumer 
• Ur 
• Babylon
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Why It’s Important
The earliest known civilizations developed along the
Tigris and Euphrates rivers, which begin in the
mountains of eastern Turkey. The twin rivers each
flow more than 1,000 miles southeast across a great
plain in an area known as the Middle East. Then, the
waters join and empty into the Persian Gulf. Today,
the land between the two rivers is part of the country
of Iraq. In ancient times, the area was called
Mesopotamia, “the land between the rivers.”
Around 4000 B.C., groups of people began migrating,
or moving, into Mesopotamia. They developed so
many new ideas that the area has been called the
“cradle of civilization.” The influence of Mesopotamia
left a lasting impact on the ancient world.
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The Rise of Sumer
• Sumerians settled in southern Mesopotamia
about 3500 B.C. 
• Sumerian civilization is the earliest known
on Earth. 
• For the first time, people began to control
their physical environment. 
• The Sumerians built levees along the twin
rivers to keep back the flood waters for
use in the summer dry season. 
• The chief crop of the Sumerians was
barley.
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The Rise of Sumer (cont.)
• A system of irrigation canals took much
planning. 
• They set up governments to make laws so
they would know what was expected of
them. 
• As the population grew, they began to
build cities. 
• One of the great cities of Sumer was Ur. 
• The Sumerians were the first city-builders
in this area of the world.
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City-States
• Each Sumerian city was considered a state
in itself, with its own god and government. 
• Each city-state was made up of the city
and the farmland around it. 
– Near the center of the city were the houses of the
upper class–priests and merchants. 
– Behind the houses of the rich were the houses of
the middle class–government officials,
shopkeepers, and artisans, or skilled workers. 
– Farther out were the houses of the lower class–
farmers, unskilled workers, and people who
made their living by fishing.
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City-States (cont.)
• The Sumerians were very proud of their
cities. 
• Often, one city-state would go to war with
another city-state. 
• They fought over boundary lines and to
prove which city-state was stronger.
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Religious and Family Life
• At the center of each Sumerian city was a
temple, called a ziggurat. 
• Around the ziggurat were courts where
most business activity and celebrations
were centered. 
• The courts and the ziggurat were the
center of Sumerian life. 
• The Sumerians believed that all the forces
of nature, such as wind, rain, and flood,
were alive.
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Religious and Family Life (cont.)
• Because they could not control these
forces, they viewed them as gods. 
• The Sumerians believed that they were on
Earth only to serve the gods. 
• Since only priests could know the will of the
gods, Sumerian priests were very powerful. 
• Sumerian writing, called cuneiform,
developed because people had to keep track
of business deals. 
• When a student graduated from school, he
became a scribe, or writer.
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Religious and Family Life (cont.)
• Although only Sumerian males went to
school, women could run businesses and
own and sell enslaved persons. 
• Although a woman handled her husband's
affairs when he was away, the husband
was the head of a household. 
• Children were expected to support their
parents when the parents became old and
were also expected to obey older family
members.
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Priests and Kings
• At first, Sumerian priests were also kings of
city-states. 
• One of the most famous priest-kings was
Gilgamesh of Uruk. 
• Tales told about Gilgamesh made him
seem more like a god than a person. 
• One tale written about 1700 B.C. is the
oldest known story in the world. 
• The Sumerian priest-kings received
advice from an assembly made up of free
men.
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Priests and Kings (cont.)
• When war broke out with another city-state,
the assembly would choose one of its
members to serve as military leader until
the war was over. 
• As time went on, these leaders stayed in
charge even after peace returned. 
• By about 3000 B.C., they took the place of
priests as permanent kings. 
• At the same time, kingship became
hereditary, or passed down from parent to
child.
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Section Assessment
How did the Sumerians gain
control of the twin rivers?
They built natural levees even higher.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
What was the center of Sumerian
life?
The courts and the ziggurat were the
centers of Sumerian life.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Making Compromises How would
you compare the lives of women
in the time of Sumer to the lives
of women in the modern world?
You may point out that like Sumerian
women , modern women can buy
property and businesses. Modern
women, however, also can get an
education, divorce, and cannot be
enslaved.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Draw a diagram like the one on
page 59 of your textbook, and use it
to show accomplishments of the
Sumerians.
Accomplishments might include:
levees to control flooding, a system of
irrigation canals, construction of brick
cities, organization of city-states,
development of a writing system, and
the creation of literature such as the
story of Gilgamesh.
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Later Mesopotamian Empires
• About 2400 B.C., the power of Sumer started
to fade. 
• New civilizations began to develop in
Mesopotamia as conquerors moved in
from nearby areas.
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Sargon I
• Sargon I was a ruler from an area in
northern Mesopotamia known as Akkad. 
• Around 2300 B.C., he moved his armies
south and began to conquer the city-states
of Sumer one by one. 
• He united the conquered city-states with
Akkad and became known as king of Sumer
and Akkad.
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Sargon I
• Thus, Sargon I created the world’s first
empire, or group of states under one ruler. 
• Sargon I ruled his empire for more than 50
years. 
• Shortly after his death, the empire fell.
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Hammurabi of Babylon
• About 1800 B.C. a new group of people
called Amorites entered the Tigris-Euphrates
Valley and built cities of their own. 
• One of these cities was Babylon. 
• The king of Babylon, Hammurabi,
conquered Akkad and Sumer and became
ruler of a great new empire. 
• The people of Babylon took as their own
many parts of the culture, or way of life,
of the people they had conquered.
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Hammurabi of Babylon (cont.)
• Hammurabi was a great conqueror and
extended his rule to the Mediterranean
Sea. 
• The reform, or improvement, for which
Hammurabi became best known was a
code of law. 
• Hammurabi appointed royal judges to
make sure that his code was carried out
fairly and justly.
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Hammurabi of Babylon (cont.)
• During Hammurabi’s rule, Babylon became
an important trade center. 
• Babylonians exchanged their surplus, or
extra, products for money or for goods. 
• Hammurabi ruled for more than 40 years. 
• His reign, or period of power, is known as
the Golden Age of Babylon.
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Section Assessment
What happened to Sumer under
Sargon I’s rule?
It was conquered and united with
Akkad.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
How did Hammurabi come to
power?
Hammurabi came to power by
conquering Akkad and Sumer.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Using Reasoned Judgment What do
you think Hammurabi would say
about the court system in the United
States today?
He agreed that a person is believed
innocent until proven guilty.
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Draw a diagram like the one on
page 63 of your textbook, and use it
to show key events in the life of
Hammurabi.
Key events might include:
birth c. 1750 B.C., conquest of Akkad
and Sumer, expansion of rule to the
Mediterranean, institution of many
reforms, organization of laws into a
single code, etc.
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Contributions
• From the beginnings of Sumer until the
death of Hammurabi, the influence of
Mesopotamia on other civilizations was felt
in many ways. 
• The Sumerians developed the earliest
known civilization in the world, which has
been called “the cradle of civilization.” 
• The Sumerians also invented many
things–such as the wheel, which helped
transportation.
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Contributions (cont.)
• The people of Mesopotamia developed a
12-month calendar based on the cycles of
the moon. 
• The people developed a number system
based on 60. 
• From that came the 60-minute hour,
60-second minute, and 360-degree circle.
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Section Assessment
Why was Mesopotamia called
the “cradle of civilization”?
It was called the “cradle of
civilization” because the earliest
known civilization developed there.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
What did the people of
Mesopotamia contribute to the
field of mathematics?
They contributed a number system
based on 60, which led to the 60minute hour, 60-second minute, and
360-degree circle.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Determining Cause and Effect
How have inventions by the
people of Mesopotamia helped
shape present-day life?
Answers will vary but it can be noted
that there would not be bicycles if the
wheel had not been invented.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Draw a diagram like the one on
page 64 of your textbook, and use it
to show facts that support this
statement: Mesopotamia was the
“cradle of civilization.”
Facts may include any of the
accomplishments and inventions,
particularly those that influenced later
civilizations such as our own.
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Chapter Summary & Study Guide
• Civilization began in an area known as
Mesopotamia, located between the Tigris
and Euphrates rivers. 
• Sumer was the first known civilization in
the world. 
• Sumerian civilization consisted of a series of
city-states, the most important of which
was Ur. 
• Each Sumerian city-state had its own chief
god and government.
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Chapter Summary & Study Guide (cont.)
• Sargon I of Akkad created the world’s first
empire in 2300 B.C. 
• About 1800 B.C., Hammurabi conquered
Akkad and Sumer and established the
Babylonian Empire. 
• Hammurabi unified the Babylonian Empire
by setting up a single code of law and by
raising the god of Babylon above all others. 
• Major contributions of the Mesopotamian
civilizations include writing, the wheel, the
plow, the sailboat, and a number system
based on 60.
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Understanding the Main Idea
Why were the twin rivers important
to Sumerian life?
They used the rivers’ water to irrigate
crops, its mud to make bricks, and its
fish and waterfowl for food.
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Understanding the Main Idea
Why was the ziggurat important to
the Sumerians?
The ziggurat was the center of
Sumerian life–all great events were
celebrated there.
46
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the answer.
Understanding the Main Idea
Who was Gilgamesh, and why was
he important?
Gilgamesh was a famous priest-king;
in a tale about him he learned that
only the gods can live forever, and
that people should take pride in what
they do.
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the answer.
Understanding the Main Idea
What did Sargon I accomplish?
He created the world’s first empire.
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the answer.
Understanding the Main Idea
What trading system did the people
of Babylonia use?
They exchanged their surplus
products for money or goods.
49
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the answer.
Understanding the Main Idea
What changes did Hammurabi
bring to Mesopotamia?
Hammurabi extended Babylonian
rule, improved irrigation systems,
raised god of Babylon above all other
gods, reorganized tax system, began
government housing program, and
codified laws.
50
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the answer.
Understanding the Main Idea
What happened to people who
broke Hammurabi’s laws?
They were punished.
51
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the answer.
Understanding the Main Idea
Why was the sailboat an important
invention?
The sailboat was important
because it replaced muscle power
with wind power.
52
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the answer.
Critical Thinking
In what ways do you think your
school is similar to or different
from the schools in Sumeria?
Answers will vary.
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the answer.
Critical Thinking
What do you think would have
happened to Sumer if it had
suffered ten years of drought? How
would the kingdom be affected?
Answers will vary. Ten years of
drought could cause food and water
shortages and cause Sumerians
to migrate.
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the answer.
Critical Thinking
Why do you think religion played
such an important part in
Sumerian life?
Answers will vary. Sumerians believed
all forces of nature were alive and were
powerful gods.
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the answer.
Geography in History
Location Babylon became a major trading
center. Refer to the map on page 62 of your
textbook and imagine that you are King
Hammurabi. You must select the location for
another settlement that you hope will also
become a trading center. Where would you
locate this settlement? Explain.
Answers will vary. Access to transportation,
central location, and balance to Babylon’s
location are attributes of another trading
center that should be considered when
making your choice.
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the answer.
The Sumerians developed ways of
telling time and counting. What
elements of that system remain today,
and what parts have disappeared?
The 60-minute hour and 360° circle
remain today, but modern numbers
are based on 10 instead of the
Sumerian 60.
57
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the answer.
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1800 B.C.
Hammurabi
conquers
Akkad and
Sumer
3500 B.C.
Sumeria
established
60
2300 B.C.
1700 B.C.
Sargon I
creates the
world’s first
empire
Tales of Gilgamesh
started
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Hammurabi
c. 1750 B.C.
Babylonian King
Hammurabi built an empire that
stretched north from the Persian Gulf
through the Tigris and Euphrates
valleys and west to the Mediterranean
Sea. He turned Babylon into one of
the most powerful capitals of the
ancient world.
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Cuneiform
Today only about 250 people know how
to read the more than 1 million
cuneiform signs that make up the
written Sumerian language. To change
this, a team of language experts at the
University of Pennsylvania is working
on an 18-volume Sumerian dictionary.
The team expects the work to be done
sometime in the 2000s.
62
Distinguishing Fact
From Opinion
• Suppose a friend says, “Our school’s
basketball team is awesome. That’s
a fact.” 
• Actually, it is not a fact; it is an opinion. Are
you able to tell the difference? 
• A fact answers a specific question such as:
What happened? Who did it? When and
where did it happen? Why did it happen?
Continued on next slide.
63
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the information.
Distinguishing Fact
From Opinion
• Statements of fact can be checked for
accuracy and proven. 
• If your friend had said, “We have the
highest-ranking team in the state,” that could
be a fact. 
• We can look up the rankings of state teams
and determine whether the statement is
a fact.
Continued on next slide.
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the information.
Distinguishing Fact
From Opinion
• An opinion, on the other hand, expresses
beliefs, feelings, and judgments. 
• Although it may reflect someone’s thoughts,
we cannot prove or disprove it. 
• An opinion often begins with phrases such
as I believe, I think, probably, it seems to
me, or in my opinion.
Continued on next slide.
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the information.
Distinguishing Fact
From Opinion
• It often contains words such as might, could,
should, and ought and superlatives such as
best, worst, and greatest. 
• Judgment words that express approval or
disapproval–such as good, bad, poor, and
satisfactory–also usually indicate an opinion.
Continued on next slide.
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the information.
Distinguishing Fact
From Opinion
To distinguish between facts and opinions, ask
yourself these questions: 
• Does this statement give specific
information about an event? 
• Can I check the accuracy of this statement? 
• Does this statement express someone’s
feelings, beliefs, or judgment? 
• Does it include phrases such as I believe,
superlatives, or judgment words?
Continued on next slide.
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the information.
Distinguishing Fact
From Opinion
Read each statement. Then tell whether each is a
fact or an opinion, and explain how you arrived at
your answer.
Continued on next slide.
68
Distinguishing Fact
From Opinion
Sumerian civilization is the earliest
known on Earth.
Fact. It can be proven by existing
archaeological finds.
Continued on next slide.
69
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the answer.
Distinguishing Fact
From Opinion
The greatest accomplishment of the
Sumerians was their system of
irrigation.
Opinion. Some people might think
other accomplishments are more
important. The sentence also includes
the judgment word “greatest.”
Continued on next slide.
70
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the answer.
Distinguishing Fact
From Opinion
A temple called a ziggurat formed
the center of Sumerian life.
Fact. It can be proven by evidence
found at the sites of ancient citystates such as Sumer.
Continued on next slide.
71
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the answer.
Distinguishing Fact
From Opinion
Women in Sumeria had terrible lives.
Opinion. Women at the time might
have seen their lives differently. The
sentence also includes the judgment
word “terrible.”
Continued on next slide.
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the answer.
Distinguishing Fact
From Opinion
The priest-kings were better rulers
than the military leaders who took
over power.
Opinion. The statement cannot be
proven. The sentence also includes
the judgment word “better.”
73
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the answer.
Identifying Physical
Features
• Different physical features making up
Earth’s surface are often shown on maps. 
• They include landforms, such as mountains,
hills, plateaus, and plains. 
• Physical features also include bodies of
water, such as oceans, seas, lakes,
and rivers.
Continued on next slide.
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the information.
Identifying Physical
Features
• Most maps use black boundary lines and
color to point out water and land areas. 
• Blue is generally used to show the size and
shape of large bodies of water. 
• For example, notice the Mediterranean Sea
located west of Syria on the map on page 62
of your textbook. 
• Rivers, such as the Nile River in Egypt, are
often shown by black lines.
Continued on next slide.
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the information.
Identifying Physical
Features
• To distinguish rivers from boundaries, which
are also shown by black lines, rivers are
usually labeled. 
• Maps in your textbook use earth tone colors
to point out land areas. 
• Mountains are shown by shades of black.
Continued on next slide.
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the information.
Identifying Physical
Features
• For example, there are mountains located
where the Euphrates River begins but not
where the river empties into the
Persian Gulf.
Continued on next slide.
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Identifying Physical
Features
Study the map on page 62 of your textbook
showing Mesopotamia. Then answer the questions
that follow.
Continued on next slide.
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Identifying Physical
Features
In addition to the Mediterranean,
what seas are shown?
Seas shown on the map in addition to
the Mediterranean Sea are the
Caspian Sea, the Black Sea, and the
Red Sea.
Continued on next slide.
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the answer.
Identifying Physical
Features
Besides the Nile, what rivers
are shown?
Besides the Nile, the rivers shown on
the map are the Tigris River and the
Euphrates River.
Continued on next slide.
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the answer.
Identifying Physical
Features
How can you tell that the Persian
Gulf coastline has changed over
the years?
The map and the map key indicate
that there was an ancient coastline of
the Persian Gulf.
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the answer.
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