Transcript File - World History

PREHISTORY – 600 CE
BUILDING BLOCKS OF CIVILIZATION
•HOMINID DEVELOPMENT
• Early Hominids
• Australopithecines
• Homo Habilis
• Homo Erectus
• True Humans
• Homo Sapiens
• Neanderthal
• Cro-Magnon
• Homo Sapiens Sapiens
• “Out of Africa” thesis
PREHISTORY – 600 CE
BUILDING BLOCKS OF CIVILIZATION
•PALEOLITHIC ERA
• Stone Age
• Eras divided by tool usage
• Use of natural material for
tools
• Early Tool making
• Basic tools (clubs and axes)
• More Advanced (hunting,
clothing and defense)
• Spears, fish hooks,
harpoons, etc.
• Pottery
• Woven cloth
• Better built structures (caves
=> huts and shelters)
PREHISTORY – 600 CE
BUILDING BLOCKS OF CIVILIZATION
•HUNTING AND GATHERING
• Families, clans, and tribes
• Foraging Societies
• Living off the resources
of the environment
• Mobile society that did
have leadership,
religion, culture, and
gender divisions
PREHISTORY – 600 CE
BUILDING BLOCKS OF CIVILIZATION
•NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION
• End of Ice Age leads to
increased population
• Start providing their own
food supply (settled
agriculture)
• Leads to “permanent”
settlements, which require
more sophisticated
systems…
PREHISTORY – 600 CE
BUILDING BLOCKS OF CIVILIZATION
•PASTORALISM AND
HERDING
• Domestication of animals
• Food, clothing, labor
• Nomadic herders (move
around - animals needed to
graze)
• Less sophisticated…need
fewer rules (less settled)
• Took longer to develop
society
PREHISTORY – 600 CE
BUILDING BLOCKS OF CIVILIZATION
•DIFFUSION OF SETTLED
AGRICULTURE
• Middle East => Balkans =>
Nile => Northeast Africa =>
Continental Europe
• People out of this link
(Americas and Asia) develop
independently
• Diffusion of techniques (best
practices and crops are
shared from spot to spot)
• Slash and Burn
agriculture
PREHISTORY – 600 CE
BUILDING BLOCKS OF CIVILIZATION
•EARLY CITIES, METALLURGY, AND WRITING
• As people settled, they occupied common
areas…needed more complexity
• Governments and religions
• Use of the wheel (Middle East) and pottery
• Productivity increases (specialization)
• Growth of towns, villages, and cities
• Jerricho and Catal Hayuk
• Metal tools…plows, needles, shovels, saws
• Mix of copper and tin to create bronze
• Better tools, lasted longer
• Replaced by Iron
• Use of written word (poems, rituals, folktales, etc.)
• First used by Sumerians (3500 BCE)
PREHISTORY – 600 CE
MAJOR SOCIETIES, KINGDOMS, &
EMPIRES
•RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS
• Mesopotamia – Tigris and Euphrates
• Began by Sumerians and Babylonians
• Central government ruled by priests
• Use of cuneiform: Gilgamesh, Hammurabi legal
code
• Builders and craftspeople (used clay)
• Ziggurats, canals, and dams
• Advancements in math – base 60 (time and
navigation)
• Traders with large economic network
PREHISTORY – 600 CE
MAJOR SOCIETIES, KINGDOMS, &
EMPIRES
•RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS
• Egypt – Nile
• History began with King Menes
• Division of long periods of time
• Early Dynastic, Old Kingdom, New Kingdom
• Invasion of Hyksos unite larger, more active Egypt
• Lots of building projects and territorial
acquisitions
• Pharaoh – living incarnation of sun god
• More rural than Mesopotamia
• Women had a fair amount of privileges (Hatshepsut)
• Sophisticated religion – mummification
• Hieroglyphics and papyrus
• Pyramids and monuments
PREHISTORY – 600 CE
MAJOR SOCIETIES, KINGDOMS, &
EMPIRES
•RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS
• Indus Valley – NW India/Pakistan
• Undeciphered language
• Details about society are unknown
• Very large, lots of cities
• Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro
• Central governments
• Large trading networks
• Environmental (?) downfall
PREHISTORY – 600 CE
MAJOR SOCIETIES, KINGDOMS, &
EMPIRES
•RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS
• China – Yellow River
• Rivers are prime spot for agriculture
• Establish dynasties (succession of emperors)
• Shang Dynasty
• Warrior aristocracy
• Expanded borders
• Trade networks (jade, ivory, silk)
• Pictograms
• Ancestor Worship
• Zhou Dynasty
• Longest lasting – ends at Warring States period
• Preserve technology, make additions…
• Mandate of Heaven, Confucianism, Daoism
PREHISTORY – 600 CE
MAJOR SOCIETIES, KINGDOMS, &
EMPIRES
•THE ANCIENT MIDDLE EAST
• Hittites
• Systematic use of iron weapons
• Assyrians and Neo-Babylonians
• First true empire; used cavalry
• Ruthless and cruel rule
• Nebuchadnezzar and Hanging Gardens
• Persians (Iran)
• Large Empire => network of roads, decentralized gov’t.
• Satraps – regional governors
• Cyrus (1st) => Darius (3rd)
• Zoroastrianism
• Fought wars with Greece
• Conquered by Alexander the Great
PREHISTORY – 600 CE
MAJOR SOCIETIES, KINGDOMS, &
EMPIRES
•THE ANCIENT MIDDLE EAST (cont.)
• Hebrews
• Founders of Jewish religion
• First to promote monotheism
• Enslaved by Egyptians, conquered by Assyrians
• Phoenicians and Lydians
• Great cities (Tyre and Sidon) that traded timber and dye
• Moved around the Mediterranean (great sailors)
• Established Carthage
• One of the dominant cities of it’s era
• First true alphabet
PREHISTORY – 600 CE
MAJOR SOCIETIES, KINGDOMS, & EMPIRES
•GREECE AND ROME (FOUNDATIONS OF W. CIV.)
• Greece
• Minoan (Crete) and Mycenaean (mainland)
• Trading Societies
• Fought Trojan War
• Dark Age in Greece
• City-States
• Mountains and islands kept cities from uniting
• Most important: Athens (culture-politics) and Sparta (army)
• Oligarchies and slavery
• Pericles – leader of Athens, create democracy
• Classical Period and Alexander the Great
• Greeks go to war with Persia (x2, Persians defeated)
• War’s between Athens and Sparta…leads to the rise
of Macedonia and Alexander the Great (Hellenism)
PREHISTORY – 600 CE
MAJOR SOCIETIES, KINGDOMS, &
EMPIRES
•GREECE AND ROME (FOUNDATIONS OF W. CIV.)
• Greece
• Culture (Hellenism)
• Science, geometry, physics, math, astronomy
• Literary masterpieces and philosophy
• Socrates, Plato, Aristotle
• Established the modern scientific inquiry
• Early Rome
• Gained independence from Etruscans
• Republic
• Conflict between classes (plebians and patrichians)
• Wars with Carthage (Punic Wars)
• Series of civil wars – power shifts from senate to
individual leaders (Caesar)
PREHISTORY – 600 CE
MAJOR SOCIETIES, KINGDOMS, & EMPIRES
•GREECE AND ROME (FOUNDATIONS OF W. CIV.)
• Roman Empire
• Began by Caesar Augustus (Octavian)
• Huge economic and military growth
• Empire splits into 2 parts (east and west)
• Economy fails, Germanic invasions
• Roman Society
• Citizens vs. Non-Citizens (no civil rights)
• Wealth was key to social standing (not birth status)
• Wide use of slaves (Spartacus)
• Paterfamilias
• Women could divorce, own property, influence
• Culture
• Preserved Hellenic culture (foundations of West. Civ.)
• Literature, philosophy, science, building-engineering
• Law
• Christianity
PREHISTORY – 600 CE
MAJOR SOCIETIES, KINGDOMS, &
EMPIRES
•CHINA THROUGH HAN AND TANG DYNASTIES
•Qin Dynasty
•Shi Huangdi – first dictator, centralized country
•Strong emperor with large bureaucracy
•Modernized army (iron weapons, cavalry)
•Roads and the Great Wall – Terracotta Warriors
•Han Dynasty
•Powerful, efficient government
•Extended control of empire (beyond modern China)
•Canal Systems and roads (travel and business)
•Silk production leads to strong economy
•Comparisons to Rome
PREHISTORY – 600 CE
MAJOR SOCIETIES, KINGDOMS, &
EMPIRES
•CHINA THROUGH HAN AND TANG DYNASTIES
•Sui Dynasty
•Short lived but effective
•Reunites China, Grand Canal, burst of military
conquests
•Tang Dynasty
•Set up tributary system by Asian neighbors/conquests
•Great economy, lots of trade (silk road)
•Indian Ocean markets also important
•Collapses because of rebellions and military disasters
•Empire breaks up in independent states
PREHISTORY – 600 CE
MAJOR SOCIETIES, KINGDOMS, &
•CLASSICAL INDIA EMPIRES
•Aryan Invasion
•Northern people that move into subcontinent
•Beginning of India’s history (?)
•Conquered the southern people (Dravidians)
•Components of new culture
•Common language (Sanskrit)
•Religion (Hindu and Vedic)
•Caste system
•Priests (Brahmin)
•Warriors and Political Leaders
•Commoners
•Servants and Peasants
•Untouchables
PREHISTORY – 600 CE
MAJOR SOCIETIES, KINGDOMS, &
•CLASSICAL INDIA EMPIRES
•Mauryan Empire
•First unified Indian State
•Ashoka – Buddhism
•Collapsed because of outside pressure/invasion
•Gupta Empire
•500 years later…
•Ruled northern and central India
•Religious tolerance
•Also collapsed because of outside forces
•India remains decentralized until Muslim invaders
PREHISTORY – 600 CE
MAJOR SOCIETIES, KINGDOMS, &
EMPIRES
•BYZANTIUM (Eastern part of Roman Empire)
•Centered at Constantinople
•Crossroads location made it important
•Preserved Christianity in eastern Europe and Middle East
•Blended Greek and Roman culture
•Hagia Sophia
•Would eventually lose power due to rapid expansion of Islam
PREHISTORY – 600 CE
MAJOR SOCIETIES, KINGDOMS, & EMPIRES
•SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
•Bantu
•From west-central Africa, but migrate
throughout continent
•Spread knowledge of agriculture and iron tools
•Depended on the wealth of cattle
•Nubia and Ghana
•Nubia (Kush) – south of Egypt; lots of gold
•Meroe – as Egypt declined, grew more
powerful and independent
•Ghana – west Africa (Atlantic coast); also a land of gold
•Major trade spot south of the Sahara trade lines
•Eventually conquered by Muslims
PREHISTORY – 600 CE
MAJOR SOCIETIES, KINGDOMS, &
EMPIRES
•THE AMERICAS
•Mexico and Central America
•Olmec – east central Mexico
•Impact on the civilizations that followed
•Teotihuacan – Mexico City; very large city state
•Eventually overtaken by the Mayan
•South America
•Peru (Andes mtns.) – Chavin, Moche, Huari, and Chimu
•Skilled artisans (pottery, weaving, metalwork)
•Urban societies (stratified)
•North America
•Mound builders – Adena, Hopewell, and Mississippian
•Anasazi – 4 corners, cliff dwellers
MAJOR WORLD RELIGIONS
POLYTHEISM
•HINDUISM
•Synthesis of many religious traditions
•Mixture of Aryan and native (Vedism)
•Upanishads (900 BCE) outline concepts of religion
•Ramayana and Mahabharata also outline key ideas
•Beliefs: release the soul to join with the World Soul
•Undergoing cycles is key to release (samsara)
•Karma leads to place of birth…good deeds leads
one closer and closer to release of soul
•Leads to establishment /acceptance of the Caste System and Sati
•Many gods and goddesses, manifestations of the
World Soul
MAJOR WORLD RELIGIONS
POLYTHEISM
•BUDDHISM
•Founded by Siddhartha Gautama
•Philosophy or religion ?
•Reduce the rituals involved with karma and reincarnation
•4 truths and 8 fold path to enlightenment
•2 groups of followers
•Thervada – lack of emphasis on deities
•Mahayana – blend with other religions, absorb
deities, Buddha becomes god like
MAJOR WORLD RELIGIONS
POLYTHEISM
•DAOISM
•Founded by Laozi
•Perceive the world in antirational, non-logical ways
•Individual concerns are more important than
worldly things (money, politics, possessions)
•Easily adapted to other religions and philosophies
MAJOR WORLD RELIGIONS
POLYTHEISM
•DAOISM
•Founded by Laozi
•Perceive the world in antirational, non-logical ways
•Individual concerns are more important than
worldly things (money, politics, possessions)
•Easily adapted to other religions and philosophies
MAJOR WORLD RELIGIONS
POLYTHEISM
•ANCESTOR WORSHIP
•PANTHEONS
•Gods with personalities, responsible for different
aspects of society
•Greece, Rome, Vedic gods (India), Norse (Europe)
BRIDGE TO MONOTHEISM
•ZOROASTRIANISM
•Worship only one god, Ahura Mazda
•Enemy was Ahriman (god of darkness)
•Cosmic struggle between good and evil
MAJOR WORLD RELIGIONS
MONOTHEISM
•JUDAISM
•CHRISTIANITY
•ISLAM
•Muhammad
•Principles of Faith
•Expansion
•Umma (community), caliph (leader)
•Umayyad, followed by Abbasid
•Sunni vs. Shiite