Transcript Unit1PartPPx

Quick Review 1
Mrs. Lehman SBHS
Early civilizations
1. Toward Civilization
1. Pre-History-3000 B.C.
2. First Civilizations: Africa
and Asia
1. 3200 B.C. -500 B.C.
3. Early Civilizations in
India and China
1. 2600 B.C.-256 B.C.
The growth of farming
• About 10,000 years ago nomadic people started to learn to
farm. They started to produce their own food and could
now live in one place. This ushered in the New Stone Age,
or Neolithic Period. The world population started to grow
and there was more interaction among humans.
• The people started to herd animals to pen them in. This
allowed them to sustain meat instead of waiting for
migration routes.
• Gender roles started to establish and small councils formed
to make important decisions. When communities would go
to war they would often pick a chief. The status of women
declined during this period.
Beginnings of civilization
• There are eight common
features that are common
to most early civilizations.
1. Cities
2. Well-organized central
governments
3. Complex religions
4. Job specialization
5. Social classes
6. Arts and architecture
7. Public works
8. writing
• In Africa and Asia cities
formed along fertile lands
along the rivers. People
were able to work at other
things besides farming. Life
started to dramatically
change.
Organized governments
Social Classes
• Farmers started to
work together to
help control floods
and channel water to
fields. They built
dikes, dug canals,
and ditches through
organization. These
projects required the
cities to elect
leadership that
would grow to be
powerful and
complex. Overtime
these government
bureaucracies grew.
• Social organization
began to rank people
in social classes
according to their jobs.
Priests and nobles
were the highest,
wealthy merchants
next, followed by
artisans, the rest of the
people were peasant
farmers. Peasant
farmers made up the
majority of the
population. Writing
emerged as
pictographs. People
who learned to read
and write became
scribes.
The first empires
• Rulers became very
powerful and
conquered new lands.
Many turned into
empires. Most of these
empires were built
through painful death
of the conquered
peoples.
First civilizations of Africa and Asia
Ancient kingdoms of the Nile
•
About 5,000 years ago farming
communities had to form together
to control yearly floods. Two large
societies started to form and King
Menes united them.
• Ancient Egypt is divided into three
main periods.
1. Old kingdom (2575-2130 B.C.)
2. Middle Kingdom (1938-1630 B.C.)
3. New Kingdom (1539-1075 B.C.)
•Pharaohs ruled during the old
kingdom, during the middle and new
kingdoms the Egyptians dealt with war
and trade. Cultural diffusion helped
the Egyptian Empire grow.
Egyptian civilization
• Egyptians worshipped many
gods and built elaborate
tombs to preserve their
bodies. Society was formed
into classes, and the
pharaoh was considered a
god. Nobles were next in
the hierarchy followed by
merchants and artisans with
farmers and slaves at the
bottom.
City-States of Ancient Sumer
More than 5,000 years ago the city-states of
Sumer started to form. They would build
ziggurats out of clay bricks. The war leaders
gained power and a hierarchy was established.
Scribes started writing in cuneiform.
Invaders, Traders, and Empires
The land of Mesopotamia was geographically
advantageous to invaders. And Sargon, the ruler
of Akkad, conquered Sumer in 2300 B.C. and
built the first empire known to history. By 1790
B.C. the King of Babylon, Hammurabi, took over
much of Mesopotamia and introduced the first
set of laws. In 539 B.C. Persia took over
Babylon and new ideas started to spread,
libraries opened, alphabets adapted and trade
improved.
The Roots of Judaism
Hebrews practiced monotheism and recorded
events and laws. Prophets would lead the
Hebrews in worshipping God and following laws
and ethics. By 1000 B.C. the Kingdom of Israel
was established led by King Solomon. Soon
invading armies conquered the Hebrews. Due
to being conquered the Diaspora took place and
Hebrews left and settled in small communities.
Early Civilizations in India and China
Cities of the Indus Valley
• The first Indian civilization
formed in 2600 B.C. by the
Indus River. Their cities
were carefully planned with
city blocks. Houses and
plumbing were built. Most
people were farmers, but
the quality of life started to
diminish by 1750 B.C. and
people started to abandon
cities.
Kingdoms of the Ganges
• People started to migrate to
Northwest India and Central
Asia. The spoke an englishlike language. People
started to mix with other
residents and intermarry.
The Aryans started to make
iron tools and built walled
cities.
Kingdoms of the Ganges
Society
• People were divided into
social classes with priests
being the highest-ranking.
Warrior were second, the
third tier was the herders,
farmers, artisans and
merchants. The bottom
class was made of
farmworkers, servants and
laborers.
Religious Beliefs
• Aryans practice polytheism.
They eventually believed in
a Brahman power and
believed in all living things.
Some Aryans became
Mystics.
Early Civilizations in China
Geography
• Barriers blocked the
Chinese from outside
invaders but were still able
to trade with the rest of the
world.
The Shang and Zhou Dynasties
• In 1650 B.C. the Shang came
to power in China. In 1027
B.C. the Zhou people
overthrew the Shang
Dynasty. The rise and fall of
the Chinese empires
created a dynastic cycle.
Early Civilizations in China
Religion
• Chinese dynasties over time
worshipped and respected
ancestors. They would ask
for good fortune, and
believed in the balance
between yin and yang.
Science and Technology
• Shang and Zhou Dynasties
both studied planets,
recorded eclipses and
created an accurate
calendar. The Zhou wrote
some of the first books
known to civilizations.
Vocabulary
Nomads
A person who moves from place to place in search of food
Bureaucracy
A system of managing government through specialized departments run by
appointed officials
Artisans
A skilled craftsperson
Pictographs
A simple drawing that looks like the object it represents
Empire
A group of stats or territories controlled by one ruler
Pharaohs
Title of the rulers of ancient Egypt
Cultural Diffusion
New ideas, customs and technologies spreading from one people to another
City-State
A political unit made up of a city and the surrounding lands
Ziggurats
A large, stepped platform though to have been topped by a temple
dedicated to a city’s chief god or goddess.
Vocabulary
Hierarchy
A system of ranking groups
Cuneiform
In the ancient Middle East, a system of writing that used wedge shaped
marks
Scribes
A person specially trained to read, write and keep notes
Monotheistic
Believing in one god
Prophets
A spiritual leader who interprets God’s will
Ethics
Moral standards of behavior
Diaspora
The spreading of the Jews beyond their historic homeland
Judeo-Christian
A shared heritage of Jews and Christians in the West that teaches the ethical
worldview developed by the Israelites
Castes
In Indian society, an unchangeable social group into which a person is born
Vocabulary
Polytheistic
Believing in many gods.
Brahman
In the belief system established in Aryan India, the single spiritual power
that resides in all things
Mystics
Person who devote their lives to seeking direction communion with
divine forces
Dynasty
The time during which one family rules
Dynastic Cycle
Rise and fall of Chinese dynasties according to the Mandate of Heaven.