Transcript Binary Numbers

Binary Numbers
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Outcome
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Familiar with the binary system
Binary to Decimal and decimal to binary
Adding two binary sequences
Logic gates
Hexadecimal system
Reading
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http://www.math.grin.edu/~rebelsky/Courses/152/97F/Readings/student-binary
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_numeral_system
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http://www.cut-the-knot.org/do_you_know/BinaryHistory.shtml
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http://www.binarymath.info/
The Decimal Number System
• The decimal number system is also known as base 10. The
values of the positions are calculated by taking 10 to some
power.
• Why is the base 10 for decimal numbers?
o Because we use 10 digits, the digits 0 through 9.
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The Decimal Number System - base 10
• The decimal number system is a positional number system with a
base 10.
• Example: 1011
1000
1 x 23
•
000
0x22
10
1
1 x 21
1x 20
10112 = 1000 + 000 + 10 + 1 = 1 x 23 + 0 x22 + 1 x 21 + 1 x 20 = 1110
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The Binary Number System
• The binary number system is also known as base 2. The
values of the positions are calculated by taking 2 to some
power.
• Why is the base 2 for binary numbers?
o Because we use 2 digits, the digits 0 and 1.
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The Binary Number System – base 2
• The decimal number system is a positional number system with a
base 10.
• Example: 5623
5000
5 x 103
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600
6 x102
20
3
2 x 101
3 x 100
5623 = 5000 + 600 + 20 + 3 = 5 x 103 + 6 x102 + 2 x 101 + 3 x 100
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Why Bits (Binary Digits)?
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Computers are built using digital circuits
– Inputs and outputs can have only two values
– True (high voltage) or false (low voltage)
– Represented as 1 and 0
Can represent many kinds of information
– Boolean (true or false)
– Numbers (23, 79, …)
– Characters (‘a’, ‘z’, …)
– Pixels
– Sound
Can manipulate in many ways
– Read and write
– Logical operations
– Arithmetic
– …
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Base 10 and Base 2
• Base 10
– Each digit represents a power of 10
– 5417310 = 5 x 104 + 4 x 103 + 1 x 102 + 7 x 101 + 3 x 100
• Base 2
– Each bit represents a power of 2
– 101012= 1 x 24 + 0 x 23 + 1 x 22 + 0 x 21 + 1 x 20 = 2110
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The Binary Number System (con’t)
• The binary number system is also a positional numbering
system.
• Instead of using ten digits, 0 - 9, the binary system uses
only two digits, 0 and 1.
• Example of a binary number and the values of the
positions:
1 0 0 1 1 0 1
26 25 24 23 22 21 20
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Converting from Binary to Decimal
1 X 20 = 1
0 X 21 = 0
1 X 22 = 4
1 X 23 = 8
0 X 24 = 0
0 X 25 = 0
1 X 26 = 64
7710
1 0 0 1 1 0 1
26 25 24 23 22 21 20
20 = 1
21 = 2
22 = 4
23 = 8
24 = 16
25 = 32
26 = 64
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Converting from Binary to Decimal (con’t)
Practice conversions:
Binary
11101
1010101
100111
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Decimal
Converting From Decimal to Binary (con’t)
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Make a list of the binary place values up to the number being converted.
Perform successive divisions by 2, placing the remainder of 0 or 1 in each of the
positions from right to left.
Continue until the quotient is zero.
Example:
4210
25 24 23 22 21 20
32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0 1 0 1 0
42/2 = 21
21/2 = 10
10/2 = 5
5/2 = 2
2/2 = 1
1/2 = 0
and
and
and
and
and
and
R=0
R=1
R=0
R=1
R=0
R=1
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Example 1210
We repeatedly divide the decimal number by 2 and keep remainders
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12/2 = 6
6/2 = 3
3/2 = 1
1/2 = 0
and
and
and
and
R=0
R=0
R=1
R=1
The binary number representing 12 is 1100
Converting From Decimal to Binary (con’t)
Practice conversions:
Decimal
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82
175
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Binary
Exercises
• Find the binary the decimal number
represented by the following binary
sequences:
– 110101
– 10111010
• Represent the number 135 in base 2.
Bits, Bytes, and Words
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A bit is a single binary digit (a 1 or 0).
A byte is 8 bits
A word is 32 bits or 4 bytes
Long word = 8 bytes = 64 bits
Quad word = 16 bytes = 128 bits
Programming languages use these standard number of
bits when organizing data storage and access.
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Adding Two Integers: Base 10
• From right to left, we add each pair of digits
• We write the sum, and add the carry to the next column
0
1
1
+
0
0
1
2
Sum
1
0
0
1
Carry
0
1
1
1
9
8
+
2
6
4
Sum
4
6
Carry
0
1
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Example
10011110
1101111
+
+
111
-------------------= 101 0 0 101
1101
------------------= 1111100
Boolean Algebra to Logic Gates
• Logic circuits are built from components called
logic gates.
• The logic gates correspond to Boolean operations
+, *, ’.
OR
+
AND
*
NOT
’
• Binary operations have two inputs, unary has one
AND
Logic Gate:
A
A*B
B
Truth Table:
A
0
0
B
0
1
A*B
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
OR
Logic Gate:
A
A+B
B
Truth Table:
A
0
0
1
1
B
0
1
0
1
A+B
0
1
1
1
NOT
Logic Gate:
A
(also called an inverter)
A’ or A
Truth Table:
a
0
A
1
1
0
n-input Gates
• Because + and * are binary operations, they can be
cascaded together to OR or AND multiple inputs.
A
B
A
B
C
A+B+C
C
A+B+C
A
B
A
B
C
ABC
ABC
n-bit Inputs
• For convenience, it is sometimes useful to think
of the logic gates processing n-bits at a time. This
really refers to n instances of the logic gate, not a
single logic date with n-inputs.
1101100101
1101110111
0100110111
10001111
00001100
00111100
110001
001110
Logic Circuits ≡ Boolean Expressions
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All logic circuits are equivalent to Boolean expressions and any boolean expression
can be rendered as a logic circuit.
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AND-OR logic circuits are equivalent to sum-of-products form.
Consider the following circuits:
A
y=aB+Bc
abc
B
C
A
aBc
B
y
Ab
y=abc+aBc+Ab
C
Y
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NAND
and
NOR
Gates
NAND and NOR gates can greatly simplify circuit diagrams. As we
will see, can you use these gates wherever you could use AND, OR,
and NOT.
NAND
NOR
A
B
AB
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
A
B
AB
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
XOR and XNOR Gates
• XOR is used to choose between two mutually exclusive
inputs. Unlike OR, XOR is true only when one input or the
other is true, not both.
XOR
XNOR
A
B
AB
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
A
B
A B
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
Binary Sums and Carries
a
0
0
1
1
b
0
1
0
1
Sum
0
1
1
0
a
0
0
1
1
XOR
b
0
1
0
1
Carry
0
0
0
1
AND
0100 0101
+ 0110 0111
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103
1010 1100
172
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Half Adder (1-bit)
A
B
Half
Adder
S
C
A
B
S(um)
C(arry)
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
Half Adder (1-bit)
A
Sum
B
S  AB  AB  A  B
C  AB
Carry
A
B
S(um)
C(arry)
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
Full Adder
A
Carry In
(Cin)
B
Full
Adder
S
Cout
Cin
A
B
S(um)
Cout
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
Full Adder
S  Cin  A  B
Cout  AB  Cin(A  B)
A
B
H.A.
H.A.
S
Cin
Cout
Full Adder
S  Cin  A  B
Cout  AB  Cin(A  B)
A
A
S
A
Half
Adder
B
Cin
B
S
S
Half
Adder
C
B
C
Cout
4-bit Ripple Adder using Full Adder
Carry
A3
B3
A2
B2
A1
B1
A0
B0
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
Full
Cin
Adder
Cout
Full
Cin
Adder
Full
Cin
Adder
Cout
Cout
Full
Cin
Adder
Cout
S
S
S
S
S3
S2
S1
S0
S
A
B
C
Half Adder
S
Cout
A
H.A.
H.A. B
Cin
Full Adder
Working with Large Numbers
0101000010100111 = ?
• Humans can’t work well with binary numbers; there are too
many digits to deal with.
• Memory addresses and other data can be quite large.
Therefore, we sometimes use the hexadecimal number
system.
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The Hexadecimal Number System
• The hexadecimal number system is also known as base 16. The values of
the positions are calculated by taking 16 to some power.
• Why is the base 16 for hexadecimal numbers ?
– Because we use 16 symbols, the digits 0 and 1 and the letters A
through F.
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The Hexadecimal Number System (con’t)
Binary Decimal Hexadecimal
0
1
10
11
100
101
110
111
1000
1001
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
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0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
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Binary Decimal Hexadecimal
1010
1011
1100
1101
1110
1111
10
11
12
13
14
15
A
B
C
D
E
F
The Hexadecimal Number System (con’t)
• Example of a hexadecimal number and the
values of the positions:
3 C 8 B 0 5 1
166 165 164 163 162 161 160
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Example of Equivalent Numbers
Binary: 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 12
Decimal: 2064710
Hexadecimal: 50A716
Notice how the number of digits gets
smaller as the base increases.
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Summary
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Convert binary to decimal
Decimal to binary
Binary operation
Logic gates
Use of logic gates to perform binary
operations
• Hexadecimal