Transcript 13-32 - PacificGraphicDesign

THE ANCIENT WORLD
A CHAPTERS
History of Graphic
1–4
Design
Cave Images
Invention of Writing
Alphabets
Paper
Relief Printing
Illuminated Manuscripts
Paleolithic Age is a prehistoric period distinguished by the
development of the most primitive stone tools and covers
roughly 95% of human technological prehistory. It extends from
the earliest known use of stone tools,, 2.6 million years ago, to
the end of the Pleistocene Period.
The climate consisted of a set of glacial and interglacial periods.
During the Paleolithic period, humans grouped together in small
bands, and subsisted by gathering plants and fishing, hunting or
scavenging wild animals.
The Paleolithic is characterized by the use of knapped stone
tools, although at the time humans also used wood and bone
tools. Other organic commodities were adapted for use as tools,
including leather and vegetable fibers.
During the end of the Paleolithic, specifically the Middle and or
Upper Paleolithic, humans began to produce the earliest works
of art and engage in religious and spiritual behavior such as
burial and ritual.
Paleolithic Stone Lamp
Entrance to the cave
1-01
Lascaux,
c. 15,000 –10,000 B.C.
1-01
Over 600 images
1-01
Lascaux,
c. 15,000 –10,000 B.C.
1-01
Lascaux,
c. 15,000 –10,000 B.C.
Cuneiform script is one of the earliest known systems of writing,
distinguished by its wedge-shaped marks on clay tablets, made by
means of a blunt reed for a stylus. The name cuneiform itself
simply means "wedge shaped", from the Latin cuneus "wedge" and
forma "shape," and came into English usage probably from Old
French cunéiforme.
1-05
Emerging in Sumer in the late 4th millennium B.C.E. (the Uruk IV
period), cuneiform writing began as a system of pictographs. In the
third millennium, the pictorial representations became simplified
and more abstract as the number of characters in use grew smaller,
from about 1,000 in the Early Bronze Age to about 400 in Late
Bronze Age
1-05
Sumerian
Ziggurat
Cuneiform
1-05
Wedge-shaped
Writing
Wrting school
or Edubba
(tablet house)
• Petroglyphs—”rock art” images created by removing part
of a rock surface by incising, picking, carving, or abrading.
• Pictograph—If the word is used to describe a type of “rock
art” it refers to painted images.
Aa a symbol for a word or phrase, pictographs were used
as the earliest known form of writing, examples having
been discovered in Egypt and Mesopotamia from before
3000 BC.
• Ideographs—abstract ssymbols to reesent ideas or concepts
Sumerian
symbols for
“star” (which
also meant
“heaven” or
“god”),
“head,” and
“water”
evolved from
pictographs to
ideographs
3100 B.C.
evolved into
the early
cuneiform
writing by
2500 B.C.
1-06
1-05
Early Sumerian pictographic tablet, c. 3100 B.C.
Cuneiform
Cuneiform
Stele bearing the
Code of Hammurabi, between
1792 and 1750 B.C.
1-11
Detail of the
Code of Hammurabi,
c. 1800 B.C.
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•
•
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One half of the code deals with matters of contract
Other provisions set terms of transition
A third of the code adddresses household issues
Many remaining deal with issues related to military service
Cylinder Seals
Cylinder Seal
Hittite
1650–1200 BCE
1-19
A rebus is an allusional device that uses pictures to represent words or parts of words.
Rosetta Stone
Egyptian hieroglyphs
middle portion Demotic script
and the lowest Ancient Greek
cartouches
The magical power of words extended to the written word.
Written words conveyed the full force of a spell.
==
Papyrus Plant
1-24A
Tools of the scribe,
drawstring sack for dried
ink cakes, and a reed
brush holder
The hieroglyph for scribe