Transcript CHAPTER 08 - Dunkleman`s World Cultures

Unit 3
North Africa and Southwest Asia:
Place and Times
The region’s history
includes Fertile Crescent
and Egyptian civilizations,
the birth of three major
religions, and the spread of
Muslim empires.
Emperor Hammurabi receives a
code of laws from the god
Shamash, patron of justice.
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North Africa and Southwest Asia:
Place and Times
SECTION 1
Physical Geography
SECTION 2
Ancient Mesopotamia and the
Fertile Crescent
SECTION 3
Ancient Egypt
SECTION 4
Birthplace of Three Religions
SECTION 5
Muslim Empires
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Section 1
Physical Geography
Water and the lack of it has shaped this region of
flooding rivers, little rainfall, and surrounding seas.
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Physical Geography
Rivers and Deserts
Water’s Importance
• Little rain falls, so water and lack of water
shapes region
- in area’s deserts, water is only found in oasis
areas
• Annual river flooding makes some areas’ soil
fertile—productive
- fertile soil has nutrients to help plants grow
Map
Image
Map
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Three Rivers
From Hunter-Gatherers to Farmers
• Hunter-gatherers hunt, fish, and gather wild
grain, fruit, nuts
- humans have been hunter-gatherers 99% of
their time on Earth
• Hunter-gatherers eventually settle, raise
animals, crops
- first areas settled include Nile, Tigris,
Euphrates river valleys
• Nile flows from east central Africa through Egypt
• Tigris, Euphrates flow from southeast Turkey
into Persian Gulf
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Three Rivers
How Rivers Enrich the Soil
• Rivers allow farming in region’s salty, sandy soil
• Melted snow from Ethiopian mountains floods Nile
• Melted snow in Turkish highlands floods Tigris,
Euphrates
• Floods leave behind fertile soil
Irrigation
• To get water from rivers to farms, farmers develop
irrigation
- irrigation—methods of bringing water to dry land
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Surrounding Waters
Trade Routes
• Mild climate of land around Mediterranean Sea
attracts settlers
- early civilizations form on eastern shores
• Red Sea is historically an important trade route
for goods, ideas
• Persian Gulf also important trade route
- important today because it is in the middle of
oil-rich region
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Surrounding Waters
Energy from an Ancient Sea
• Huge sea covered region millions of years ago
• Sea creatures’ bodies sank to bottom, were
covered by mud, sand
• Over time, heat and pressure turn dead matter
into petroleum, or oil
Turkey
• Turkey is cooler then rest of region, gets more
rain
• Has grasslands, forest areas
Map
Image
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Section 2
Ancient Mesopotamia
and the Fertile Crescent
Ancient Mesopotamia’s complex civilization, based
on city-states, develops a code of laws and a written
language.
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Ancient Mesopotamia
and the Fertile Crescent
The Mesopotamian City-State
The Fertile Crescent
• Hammurabi—ancient Mesopotamian emperor,
ruled 1792–1750 B.C.
• Mesopotamia—Greek for “land between the
rivers”
• Covers area of Iraq, parts of Syria, Turkey
• Region called Fertile Crescent due to shape,
fertile soil
Map
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The Mesopotamian City-State
City-States
• Sumerians—first inhabitants form city-states
around 3000 B.C.
• City-state—city and areas it controls
• Three challenges influence development of citystates:
- high walls protect from hostile invaders
- irrigation canals provide water to area with little
rainfall
- allow safe trading of grain, dates, cloth for
stones, metals, timber
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The Mesopotamian City-State
Government by Priests and Kings
• Each city-state builds temple to specific
guardian god
- temple is built on ziggurat—pyramid-shaped
tower
• City-states are first ruled by temple priests, then
elected leaders
- leaders later become kings
• Kings control politics, military; priests control
religion, economy
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The Mesopotamian City-State
From Kings to Emperors
• Sometimes kings conquer other city-states
- let conquered city-states keep gods, local control
• Some kings build empires from conquered lands
- empire—group of countries under one ruler’s
control
- force conquered people to worship emperor as
god
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The Class System
The Three Classes
• Mesopotamia has class system—society
divided into social groups
- each group, or class, has certain rights,
protections
• Top class: kings, priests, rich property owners
• Middle class: skilled workers, merchants,
farmers
• Bottom class: slave workers
- some captured in wars, others sold into
slavery to pay debts
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A Culture Based on Writing
Cuneiform
• Cuneiform—one of first systems of writing,
developed by Sumerians
- used to write lists, records, histories, religious
beliefs, science
• Most Sumerians cannot write; scribes trained
to keep records
Educating Scribes
• Most scribes are children of rich officials,
priests, merchants
• Boys, some girls attend “tablet houses”—scribe
schools
• Memorize 600 wedge-shaped characters
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A Culture Based on Writing
Scribes Played Many Roles
• Scribes also write own literary, scientific works
- some women write lullabies, love songs
• Traveling scribes share writings from other
countries
• Scribes read works out loud to audiences
• Stories include tales from The Epic of Gilgamesh
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Section 3
Ancient Egypt
The civilization of the ancient Egyptians developed
in response to both its desert environment and the
flooding waters of the Nile River.
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Ancient Egypt
Ancient Egypt and the Nile
The River in the Sand
• Greek historian Herodotus calls Egypt “the gift of
the Nile”
• Most of Egypt is desert, which discourages
invaders
- Nile is called “the river in the sand”
• Egyptians, farmers plan their year around Nile
flooding
- but cannot predict amount of flooding each year
- low floods limit crops; high floods destroy fields,
homes
Image
Chart
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Ancient Egypt and the Nile
Taming the Nile
• Build canals to carry water from river to dry areas
• Strengthen riverbanks to prevent overflow
• Use Nile to travel between cities; build boats,
harbors, ports
• Nile made trade profitable, removed need for
many roads
The Nile’s Gifts
• Nile mud used for pottery, bricks
• Papyrus—paperlike material from papyrus plant
found in Nile marshes
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The Great Builders
The Pyramids
• Idea of afterlife important to life, culture
• Build huge temples, monuments, pyramids—
four triangular sides
• Pyramids built as afterlife palaces for
pharaohs—kings
Image
Interactive
Materials and Labor
• Pyramids built with large blocks of stone, capped
with gold
• Builders use hieroglyphics—write with
pictographs for words, sounds
• All families help with dangerous work, as laborers,
food providers
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The Pharaoh and the Gods
Religion in Daily Life
• Pharaoh considered to be son of sun god Re,
linked to sky god Horus
- Pharoah is Egypt’s main judge, commander,
religious figure
• Temples built to honor major gods, local gods,
pharaohs
- only priests carried out temple rituals
• Most citizens pray, make offerings in other
buildings, home shrines
Image
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The Pharaoh and the Gods
Preparing for the Afterlife
• Average citizens are not buried in pyramids
• Family members bury relatives, tend to their
spirits
- preserve bodies from decay by mummifying
them
- fill tombs with items for dead to use
- decorate tombs with art
- make regular offerings to honor dead
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Section 4
Birthplace of
Three Religions
Southwest Asia was the birthplace of Judaism,
Christianity, and Islam.
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Birthplace of Three Religions
Three Religions
Jerusalem
• City has been home for centuries to Jews,
Christians, Muslims
• Each group believes in only one god—
monotheism
- Sumerians, Egyptians believe in many
gods—polytheism
• Each religion was begun by single person, has
sacred writings
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Abraham and the Origin of Judaism
Yahweh and Abraham
• Hebrews, first monotheists, believe Yahweh spoke to
Abraham
- has him leave Mesopotamian Ur, settle in Canaan
(now Israel)
• Abraham’s descendants are Jews; religion is
Judaism
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Abraham and the Origin of Judaism
How Judaism Adapted over Time
• In 586 B.C., Babylonians destroy Jews’ First
Temple in Jerusalem
- Jews are exiled to Babylon
• Persians take over Mesopotamia 50 years later
- Jews return to Jerusalem, rebuild Temple
• Jerusalem, Temple destroyed when Jews fight
Roman rule in A.D. 66
• Most Jews live outside Jerusalem for next 1,800
years
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Jesus and the Birth of Christianity
Early Life
• Around 8 to 4 B.C., Jewish boy Jesus born in
Bethlehem, Palestine
• According to Bible’s Gospels, written decades after
his death:
- grew up in Galilee, baptized at age 30 by cousin
John the Baptist
- for 3 years, preaches love, forgiveness; performs
miracles
- 12 disciples, other followers believe he is Jewish
Messiah—savior
- called Christ—Greek for messiah; followers called
Christians
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Jesus and the Birth of Christianity
Final Days
• Some government, religious leaders feel Jesus,
followers are threat
- in Jerusalem, Jesus betrayed by disciple, Judas
Iscariot
- arrested, tried, crucified; disciples believe he was
resurrected
Beginnings of Christianity
• Disciples spread Jesus’ teachings and belief he
was Jewish Messiah
• Christianity develops from Jewish roots, spreads
around world
• Today, few Christians live in Southwest Asia
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Muhammad, the Prophet of Islam
The Region’s Third Monotheistic Religion
• Muhammad born in Mecca around A.D. 570
- founder of Islam—religion with one god, whose
prophet is Muhammad
- Muslim—believer in Islam
• Muslims believe that around 610, Muhammad is
commanded by a voice
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Muhammad, the Prophet of Islam
Muhammad’s Teachings
• Muhammad believes angel Gabriel tells him the
will of God
- Gabriel sends him revelations over next 22 years
• Revelations later collected into Qur’an—sacred
text of Islam
• Muhammad shares divine messages, criticizes rich
of Mecca
• Mecca’s leaders try to kill Muhammad
• In 622, Muhammad, followers escape to nearby
Medina
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Section 5
Muslim Empires
Islamic beliefs and culture spread out Southwest
Asia and much of the world
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Muslim Empires
The Five Pillars of Islam
Religious Duties
• Five Pillars of Islam—Muslims’ important
religious duties
- these duties unite Muslims around the world
Chart
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Muslim Empires
Conquest, Trade, and Learning
• After Muhammad’s death, a caliph is chosen to
succeed him
• Caliphs form caliphate—empire—as theocracy,
ruled by religious leader
• Caliphate’s vast trading system spreads Islamic
ideas, artwork
• In early Middle Ages, Muslims save important
books, papers
- preserve ancient world’s knowledge, later studied
by Europeans
Islam in Europe
• Muslims conquer Spain, but stopped in 732 at
Tours by Charles Martel
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The Ottoman Empire
Suleiman, “The Magnificent”
• Muslim Ottoman Empire controls Turkey, other
parts of region
- ruled by sultans from capital Constantinople
(now Istanbul)
• Sultans tolerate other religions
• In 1500s Suleiman I creates code of laws for
system of justice
- called “The Magnificent” by Christians, “The
Lawgiver” by Muslims
• Under Suleiman I, Empire is richest, most powerful
in region, Europe
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Slaves and Soldiers
The Janissaries
• Many male slaves in Empire are soldiers
• Janissaries—special group of soldiers loyal to
sultan
- developed in late 1300s out of slave forces
• So powerful by 1660s, sultans feared them
• Attacked sultan in 1826
- 6,000 Janissaries are killed; sultan disbands force
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The Decline of the Ottoman Empire
Weakening in the 1800s
• Empire constantly fights wars, grows weak
- cannot compete with industrialized trade
- comes close to bankruptcy in 1800s
• Sultan Mehmed V on losing side of WWI, gives up
Arab lands
• By 1924, Ottoman Empire is replaced by modern
Turkey
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