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Presentation Plus! Our World Today
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Chapter Introduction
Section 1 Mesopotamia and
Ancient Egypt
Section 2 Religions of the Middle
East
Reading Review
Chapter Assessment
Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides.
Chapter Objectives
• Explain how farming, writing, and
government developed in
Mesopotamia. 
• Examine the artifacts of ancient Egypt. 
• Explain the basic beliefs of Judaism,
Christianity, and Islam. 
• Discuss how past civilizations have
contributed to our own culture.
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Write down everything you know about
Egypt.
Compare your information with a partner.
Egypt has a long rich history and it
continues to play important political,
economic, and cultural roles today.
In this chapter you will learn about these
aspects of Egypt.
Guide to Reading
Main Idea
Learning about how past cultures lived
helps us better understand our own
cultures.
Guide to Reading (cont.)
Terms to Know
• civilization 
• pharaoh 
• irrigation system  • polytheistic 
• city-state 
• embalm 
• theocracy 
• pyramid 
• cuneiform 
• hieroglyphics 
• empire 
• papyrus 
• delta 
• scribe
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Guide to Reading (cont.)
Reading Strategy
Create a chart like the one on page 82
of your textbook. Write facts about
Mesopotamia in the M column. Write
facts about Egypt in the E column.
Guide to Reading (cont.)
Section Objectives
• Explain the early advancements
in Mesopotamia. 
• Discuss the ancient Egyptians’
achievements.
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Click the Speaker button
to replay the audio.
Mesopotamia
• Civilization is a term historians use to
describe a culture that has reached a
certain level of development. 
• This development includes a system of
writing, building cities, and specialized
workers. 
• One of the first civilizations grew in the
fertile crescent of land between the
Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. 
• Its name was Mesopotamia, and it was
what is now Syria and Iraq.
(pages 82–84)
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Mesopotamia (cont.)
• Around 4500 B.C. wandering peoples
settled in large numbers here and began
farming. 
• They created a 12-month calendar,
based on the phases of the moon,
and they created the plow. 
• Some of the villages and towns became
city-states, which were made up of the
city and farmland around it.
(pages 82–84)
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Mesopotamia (cont.)
• The city-state was a theocracy–it was
ruled by an individual who was both the
religious leader and the king. 
• The earliest of the city-states rose in an
area called Sumer. 
• The Sumerians created a form of
writing known as cuneiform. 
• Around 2300 B.C. the warlike kingdom
of Akkad conquered Sumer and several
other city-states to create the first
empire, or group of states under one
(pages 82–84)
ruler. Click the mouse button or press the
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Mesopotamia (cont.)
• Hammurabi’s Code was an attempt to
bring some justice and fairness to the
idea of law. 
• Among the most important traders were
the Phoenicians, who were located
mainly in what is now Lebanon. 
• The Phoenicians developed an
alphabet that gave rise to the Hebrew,
Greek, and Latin alphabets still in use
today.
(pages 82–84)
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How did the Babylonians contribute to
the field of mathematics?
The Babylonians contributed to the
field of mathematics by developing a
number system based on 60. From
them, we have borrowed the 60minute hour, 60-second minute, and
360-degree circle. They also used a
clock controlled by drops of water to
tell time.
(pages 82–84)
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Ancient Egypt
• Like Mesopotamia, Egypt grew out of a
river valley–the Nile, the longest river in
the world. 
• The two kingdoms of Upper Egypt and
Lower Egypt were united about 3100 B.C.
under a great ruler called a pharaoh. 
• Egyptians had a polytheistic religion,
meaning they worshipped many gods.
(pages 84–86)
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Ancient Egypt (cont.)
• Egyptians believed in life after death. 
• To preserve the body for the next life,
it was embalmed, or preserved
immediately after death, as a mummy. 
• The biggest tombs belonged to the
pharaohs and were called pyramids. 
• Hieroglyphics is a form of picture
writing with about 800 signs. 
• In 1820, the Rosetta Stone provided
the key that cracked the code for
hieroglyphics.
(pages 84–86)
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Ancient Egypt (cont.)
• Egypt expanded as far as Mesopotamia
in the north and southward to presentday Sudan. 
• Along with trade goods, the Egyptians
spread ideas and accomplishments.
(pages 84–86)
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Even in ancient times, how were people
and nations able to dominate one
another?
Even then, people and nations that
could use technology were able to
dominate, or control, other cultures.
(pages 84–86)
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(pages 84–86)
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to replay the audio.
Defining Terms
Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on
the left.
__
A. theocracy
E 1. one who records information by
writing
B. cuneiform
__
A 2. form of government in which one
individual rules as both religious
leader and king
C. polytheistic
__
C 3. believing in more than one god
E. scribe
__
B 4. Sumerian form of writing using
wooden triangular-shaped sticks
in the form of hundreds of
different wedge-shaped markings
on moist clay tablets
__
D 5. huge stone structure that served
as an elaborate tomb or
monument
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D. pyramid
Recalling Facts
History Where was the first civilization,
and what was the region called then and
now?
The first civilization was between the Tigris
and Euphrates Rivers. The region was
called Mesopotamia, and it is present-day
Syria.
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Recalling Facts (cont.)
History What were the two early forms
of writing, and where did they develop?
The two early forms of writing were
cuneiform and hieroglyphics. They
developed in Sumer and Egypt,
respectively.
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Recalling Facts (cont.)
Economics Why were the Phoenicians so
important to trade and spreading culture?
They sailed as far as southern Europe
and around the southern tip of Africa and
developed an alphabet that gave rise to
the Hebrew, Greek, and Latin alphabets
that are still used today.
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Critical Thinking
Understanding Cause and Effect How
did the advancements in early farming
methods in the Fertile Crescent lead to
increased population growth?
Possible answer: Improved farming
produced new and more reliable crops
that could support more people.
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Applying Social Studies Skills
Analyzing Maps Look at the map on page
83 of your textbook. What do the locations
of the towns have in common?
They are located along bodies of water.
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Close
Create a bulletin board display about
ancient Egypt with images and captions
that highlight important features of the
country and its people.
Guide to Reading
Main Idea
Three of the world’s monotheistic
religions–Judaism, Christianity, and
Islam–all developed in Southwest Asia. 
Terms to Know
• monotheism 
• minister 
• Diaspora 
• Crusades 
• scapegoat 
• five pillars of faith 
• messiah 
• hajj
• disciple 
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Guide to Reading (cont.)
Reading Strategy
Create and complete a chart like the
one on page 88 of your textbook.
List important beliefs of each religion.
Guide to Reading (cont.)
Section Objectives
• Describe the world’s three largest
monotheistic religions. 
• Explain similarities and differences
among Judaism, Christianity,
and Islam.
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Space Bar to display the information.
Click the Speaker button
to replay the audio.
Judaism
• Judaism was first practiced by a small
group of people in the middle East
called Israelites. 
• The followers of Judaism today are
known as Jews. 
• Their holy book is the Torah. 
• The Jews believe that they are God’s
chosen people and will remain so for
as long as they follow God’s laws. 
• The most well-known of these laws are
the Ten Commandments.
(pages 88–90)
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Judaism (cont.)
• Israel became an important and
prosperous state under its first three
kings–Saul, David, and Solomon. 
• Eventually, the Jewish people spread
to many countries throughout the world.

• Jewish scholars, writers, artists, and
scientists have greatly increased the
world’s knowledge.
(pages 88–90)
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Judaism (cont.)
• In some areas Jews have been treated
with tolerance. In other areas they have
been viewed suspiciously. 
• Some governments have used Jewish
communities as a scapegoat, or
someone to blame for their troubles. 
• In the 1940s, more than 6 million Jews
were murdered in Europe during the
Holocaust. 
• The United Nations voted in 1947 to
create a Jewish state in Palestine.
(pages 88–90)
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From whom do the Jewish people
believe they are descended?
According to Jewish belief, the Jews
are descended from Abraham and
Sarah, who first worshipped the one
God, or Yahweh.
(pages 88–90)
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Christianity
• Christianity is made up of people, called
Christians, who are followers of Jesus
Christ. 
• Christians believe Jesus is the Son of
God and that he was the Messiah that
the Jews were awaiting. 
• The holy book of the Christians is the
Bible.
(pages 90–92)
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Christianity (cont.)
• The disciples of Jesus spread his
teachings across the Roman world
and beyond. 
• They were often persecuted until the
emperor Constantine the Great became
a Christian and proclaimed Christianity
a lawful religion of the Roman Empire. 
• The most famous universities of Europe
were begun by Christian scholars.
(pages 90–92)
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What is Easter?
Easter, believed to be the day that
Jesus rose from the dead, is the
most important day of the Christian
calendar.
(pages 90–92)
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Islam
• The followers of Islam are called
Muslims. 
• Muslims believe that Muhammad is the
last and greatest prophet of Allah, or
God. 
• The Muslim holy book is the Quran
(Koran). 
• The Quran describes the five pillars of
faith, or the five obligations all Muslims
must fulfill.
(pages 92–93)
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Islam (cont.)
• The Muslim calendar begins in A.D. 622,
the year of the Hijrah, when
Muhammad was forced to flee for
safety from Makkah to Madinah. 
• Since the time of Muhammad, the
Islamic faith has spread widely. 
• Under Islam, knowledge in art,
architecture, mathematics, medicine,
astronomy, geography, history, and
other fields was greatly increased.
(pages 92–93)
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What is Ramadan?
Ramadan is the month, according to
Muslim beliefs, in which God began
to reveal the Quran to Muhammad.
Muslims observe Ramadan by
fasting and refraining from any acts
that take their attention away from
God.
(pages 92–93)
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(pages 92–93)
Click the Speaker button
to replay the audio.
Defining Terms
Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on
the left.
__
E 1. religious journey to Makkah that
Muslims are expected to make
at least once during their
lifetime if they are able to do so
A. monotheism
__
C 2. follower of a specific teacher
D. Crusades
__
A 3. belief that there is only one God
E. hajj
B 4. one who is wrongly blamed by
__
others
D 5. holy wars sponsored by the
__
Catholic Church to capture
Jerusalem from the Muslims
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B. scapegoat
C. disciple
Recalling Facts
Religion What are the world’s three
largest monotheistic religions?
Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are the
world’s three largest monotheistic religions.
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Recalling Facts (cont.)
History Why do historians refer to this
area as the Middle East instead of
Southwest Asia?
From a European perspective it is about
halfway between Europe and China.
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Recalling Facts (cont.)
History Which city in Israel do the three
religions look to as a holy site?
Jerusalem is a holy site for all three
religions.
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Critical Thinking
Making Inferences Look at the map on
page 92 of your textbook. What might be
one explanation for Islam not spreading
from Spain to France?
The Pyrenees mountains might explain
why Islam did not spread from Spain to
France.
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Applying Social Studies Skills
Analyzing Maps Examine the map
of Jerusalem on page 89 of your textbook.
Explain how the city has been divided.
It has been divided according to religion.
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Close
Create a bulletin board display about
the major religious holidays and
observances for the different world
religions. Use images and captions to
explain the significance of these
celebrations in selected contemporary
societies. At a minimum, you should
mention the major holidays of the three
monotheistic religions discussed in this
chapter.
Section 1: Mesopotamia and
Ancient Egypt
Main Idea
Learning about how past cultures lived
helps us better understand our own
cultures. 
• History One of the first civilizations developed
in the Fertile Crescent. 
• History Early advancements in Mesopotamia,
Sumer, and Phoenicia were in farming, writing,
and government. 
• History Ancient Egypt is known for pharaohs,
pyramids, hieroglyphics, and mummies.
Click the mouse button or press the
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Section 2: Religions of the Middle
East
Main Idea
Three of the world’s monotheistic
religions–Judaism, Christianity, and
Islam–all developed in Southwest Asia. 
• History Judaism is the world’s oldest
monotheistic religion. The Jews believe they
are God’s chosen people. 
• Religion Christians believe Jesus is the
Messiah and the Son of God. 
• Religion Muslims are followers of Islam.
Muslims believe Allah is the one God and
Muhammad is the messenger.
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Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on
the left.
__
H 1. holy journey in Islam
A. civilization
__
I 2. early believer in Jesus Christ
B. theocracy
__
A 3. culture that has reached level of
development where people can
specialize their skills
C. cuneiform
__
D 4. god-king of ancient Egypt
__
E 5. believing in many gods
D. pharaoh
E. polytheistic
F.
Diaspora
G. monotheism
H. hajj
Click the mouse button or press the
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I.
disciple
J.
city-state
Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on
the left.
__
G 6. belief in one God
A. civilization
B 7. ruled by religious leader who is
__
also a king
B. theocracy
C 8. ancient form of writing in Sumer
__
__
J 9. city and its surrounding
countryside
__
F 10. scattering of the Jewish people
C. cuneiform
D. pharaoh
E. polytheistic
F.
Diaspora
G. monotheism
H. hajj
Click the mouse button or press the
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I.
disciple
J.
city-state
Section 1 Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt
History What was one of the early
advancements in ancient Mesopotamia?
Possible answers: Irrigation, the 12-month
calendar, growing crops, the plow,
cuneiform writing, a number system,
and clocks were all advancements in
ancient Mesopotamia.
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Section 1 Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt
History Where did the earliest city-states
arise?
The earliest city-states rose from the Fertile
Crescent.
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Section 1 Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt
Economics The Phoenicians were the
most important early traders of the region.
How did they navigate? Where and how
did they travel?
The Phoenicians navigated from southern
Europe to the southern tip of Africa. They
traveled by ship and used the sun and
stars to navigate.
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Section 1 Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt
History Who were the Asians that invaded
ancient Egypt?
The Hyksos invaded ancient Egypt.
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Section 1 Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt
History Why did the Egyptians embalm
their dead?
They embalmed the dead to preserve
the body for the next life.
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Section 2 Religions of the Middle East
Religion What is the similarity between
Yahweh and Allah?
They are different names for God.
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Section 2 Religions of the Middle East
Religion What is the role of the Messiah in
Jewish and Christian religious belief?
The Messiah is the savior.
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Section 2 Religions of the Middle East
Religion Judaism, Christianity, and Islam
are similar in their belief of one supreme
god and in viewing Jerusalem in Israel as
a holy site. List some of the differences
among the three religions.
Differences among the three religions
include different holy books, different
holy days, and different prophets.
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Section 2 Religions of the Middle East
Religion What are some of the important
holidays in Judaism, Christianity, and
Islam?
Judaism:
Rosh Hashanah, Yom Kippur
Christianity: Christmas, Palm Sunday,
Good Friday, Easter
Islam:
Ramadan
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Place Location Activity
Match the letters on the map with the numbered places listed below.
B ___ 1. Persian Gulf
F ___ 2. Zagros
Mountains
I ___ 3. Euphrates
River
D ___ 4. Turkey
J ___ 5. Iran
G ___ 6. Israel
C ___ 7. Iraq
H ___ 8. Saudi
Arabia
E ___ 9. Makkah
A ___ 10. Jerusalem
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Directions: Study the maps below and answer the
question on the following slide.
1. What characteristic did the first Egyptian and
Mesopotamian civilizations share?
A They were established in the same year.
B Both civilizations began in North Africa.
C They both developed on the banks of rivers.
D People in both civilizations relied on hunting to obtain
food.
Test-Taking Tip: When you answer a map question, do not
rely on your memory of the map. Instead, check each answer
choice against the information on the map and get rid of
answer choices that are incorrect. Eliminating even one wrong
choice will help you locate the correct answer.
Click the mouse button or press the
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Who developed the numbering system
from which we borrowed the 60-minute
hour and 60-second minute?
The Babylonians developed the
numbering system from which
we borrowed.
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Explore online information about the
topics introduced in this chapter.
Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to the
Our World Today: People, Places, and Issues Web site. At this
site, you will find interactive activities, current events information,
and Web sites correlated with the chapters and units in the
textbook. When you finish exploring, exit the browser program to
return to this presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting
to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser and go to
http://owt.glencoe.com
Maps
Mesopotamia and the Fertile Crescent
Jerusalem
Spread of Islam
Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.
When the Aswan High Dam was built on the Nile
River, it created a reservoir 300 miles (483 km)
long. The waters would have covered four colossal
statues of Ramses II built into a cliff temple, but
engineers and scientists moved them. The 66-foot
tall statues were taken apart and then rebuilt on
higher ground.
Noah’s Ark supposedly settled on Mount Ararat,
which was once within the borders of Armenia,
although it now lies in Turkey. According to legend,
Armenians were among the first people in the world
to appear after the Great Flood.
Using Latitude and
Longitude
Read along on page 94 of your textbook as you
listen to an explanation of how to find an exact
location using the lines of latitude and longitude.
Click the Speaker button
to replay the audio.
Using Latitude and
Longitude
Practicing the Skill Use the map below to answer the
questions on the following slides.
Using Latitude and
Longitude
1. What is the exact location of Washington, D.C.?
Washington, D.C. is located at about 40ºN, 80ºW.
2. What cities on the map lie south of 0º latitude?
Lima, Rio de Janeiro, Cape Town, and Sydney lie
south of the Equator.
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Using Latitude and
Longitude
3. What city is located near 30ºN, 30ºE?
Cairo is located near 30ºN, 30ºE.
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The Egyptian Pyramids
The ancient Egyptians viewed the pharaoh, or king, as the
most important person on the earth. They believed he was a
god who would continue to guide them after his death. A
pyramid served as a tomb for the pharaoh and provided a
place where the body would safely pass into the afterlife.
Rooms inside the pyramid held food, clothing, weapons,
furniture, jewels, and everything
else the pharaoh might need in
the afterlife. 
Read the text on page
87 of your textbook and
answer the questions
on the following slides.
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Click the Speaker button to replay the audio again.
The Egyptian Pyramids
1. Why did the Egyptians build the pyramids?
Egyptians built the pyramids to provide a tomb for the
pharaoh and a safe place for the pharaoh to pass into
the afterlife.
2. How many workers did ancient historians and modern
architects each think it took to
build the Great Pyramid?
In 500 B.C., Greeks
thought it took 100,000
people to build the
Great Pyramid. Now
experts think it took
about 20,000.
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The Egyptian Pyramids
3. Sequencing Information Describe the process
experts think Egyptians used to build the pyramids.
Workers cut stones from nearby quarries, carved
them into shape, and pulled them up ramps to the
pyramid site. Builders extended the ramps up the
sides of the pyramid to carry rocks to the top. After
they reached the top, the ramps
were cleared away. Stonemasons smoothed and
polished the stones.
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