Transcript Hawkes Learning Systems: College Algebra

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Hawkes Learning Systems:
College Algebra
Section 1.1: The Real Number System
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Objectives
o Common subsets of real numbers.
o The real number line.
o Order on the real number line.
o Set-builder notation and interval notation.
o Absolute value and distance on the real number line.
o Working with repeating decimals.
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Common Subsets of Real Numbers (cont.)
o The Natural (or Counting) Numbers:
The set of counting numbers greater than or equal to 1.
 {1,2,3,4,5,...}
o The Whole Numbers:
The set of Natural numbers and 0.
W==
{0,1,2,3,4,5,...}
o The Integers:
The set of natural numbers, their negatives, and 0.
 {...  4, 3, 2, 1,0,1,2,3,4,...}
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Common Subsets of Real Numbers
o The Rational Numbers: The set of ratios of integers, . Any
p
rational number can be written in the form , where p and q
q
are both integers and q  0. Rational numbers either terminate or
repeat patterns of digits past some point.
Ex: 12,
3
29
, 3,
4
8
o The Irrational Numbers: Every real number that is not rational. In
decimal form, irrational numbers are non-terminating and nonrepeating.
Ex:  , 5
o The Real Numbers: Every set above is a subset of the set of real
numbers, which is denoted . Every real number is either rational
or irrational and no real number is both.
  , the whole numbers, ,
, the irrational numbers
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Common Subsets of Real Numbers
Real Numbers ( )
Rational Numbers ( )
Decimal term either terminates
or repeats
Integers ( )
…,-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,…
Whole Numbers
0,1,2,3…
Natural Numbers
( )
1,2,3…
Irrational Numbers
Decimal form is
non-terminating and
non-repeating.
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Example 1: Common Subsets of Real Numbers
Consider the set
5
S  {13, 4.5,  , 0, 3,1.9537, 4 ,  ,1012 }
3
Natural
Whole Integers
Numbers Numbers
4, 1012 0, 4 , 1012 13, 0
Rational
Numbers
Irrational
Real
Numbers Numbers
13, 4.5
5
3,

13,  4.5,  ,
12
5
3
4 , 10
 ,0
3
0, 1.9537, 4
3 ,1.9537
1012
4 ,  ,1012
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The Real Number Line
The real number line is a depiction of the set of real
numbers as a horizontal line. The real number
corresponding to a given point is called the coordinate of
that point. The point for the number 0 is called the origin.
Points to the right of the origin represent positive numbers
and points to the left of the origin represent negative
numbers.
Ex: Plot the following numbers on the real number line:
0,   , 5, 2,  1
|
|
|
|

|
Negative Numbers
| |
1 0
|
|
|
|
|
2
Positive Numbers
|
5
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Example 2: The Real Number Line
a. Plot the numbers 101, 106, and 107:
|
|
|
|
|
|
101
|
|
|
|
|
106 107
3 1
1
b. Plot the numbers  ,  , and
4 2
4
|
1
|
|
3 1
 
4 2
|
|
|
0
1
4
|
|
|
1
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Order on the Real Number Line
Symbol
Read
ab
“a is less than b”
ab
ba
ba
Meaning
a lies to the left of b on the
number line.
“a is less than or equal a lies to the left of b or is equal
to b”
to b.
“b is greater than a” b lies to the right of a on the
number line.
“b is greater than or b lies to the right of a or is equal
to a.
equal to a”
The two symbols < and > are called strict inequality signs, while
the symbols ≤ and ≥ are non-strict inequality signs.
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Example 3: Order on the Real Number Line
What can we say about the following relationship?
|
|
|
|
5
|
8
a. 5 lies to the left of 8 .
b. 5  8 , or 5 is strictly less than 8 .
c. 5  8 , or 5 is less than or equal to 8 .
d. 8  5 , or 8 is strictly greater than 5 .
e. 8  5 , or 8 is greater than or equal to 5 .
|
|
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Example 4: Order on the Real Number Line
a. The statement “a is less than or equal to b + c” is
written: a  b  c .
b. The negation of the statement a ≤ b is a  b .
Why is this true? a ≤ b means that “a is less than or equal to b.” The
negation of a statement is to say that the statement is not true. So, if
a is NOT less than or equal to b then a must be greater than b and a
cannot be equal to b. Thus, a must be strictly greater than b.
c. If a ≤ b and a ≥ b then it must be the case that a  b .
Why is this true? Consider each case on a real number line.
Where can you place a and b in the
a≤b
| | | | | | |
a ab b
second case so that the first case holds
a≥b
| | | | | | |
b ab a
true? You should notice that this is
impossible unless you make a = b.
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Set-Builder Notation and Interval Notation
o Set-builder notation is a general method of
h
describing the elements that belong to a given set.
o The notation {x|x has property P} is used to describe
a set of real numbers, all of which have the property
P. This can be read “the set of all real numbers x
having property P.”
o Interval notation is a way of describing certain
subsets of the real line.
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Example 5: Set-builder Notation and Interval
Notation
What sets of real numbers do the following properties
describe?
a. {x|x is an even integer}
= {…,-4,-2,0,2,4…}
This set could also be described as {2n|n
is an integer} since every even integer is
a multiple of 2.
b. {x|x is an integer such that -4 ≤ x <1}
= {-4,-3,-2,-1,0}
c. {x|x > 2 and x ≤ -5}
= { } or 
These symbols denote the empty set.
This property describes the empty set
because no real numbers satisfy it.
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Set-builder Notation and Interval Notation
o Sets that consist of all real numbers bounded by two
endpoints are called intervals. Intervals can also
extend indefinitely in either direction.
o Intervals of the form (a,b) are called open intervals.
o Intervals of the form [a,b] are called closed intervals.
o The intervals (a,b] and [a,b) are called half-open or
half-closed.
o The symbols  and  indicate that the interval
extends in the left and right directions, respectively.
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Set-builder Notation and Interval Notation
Interval
Notation
Set-Builder
Notation
Meaning
(a,b)
{x|a < x < b}
All real numbers strictly between a and b.
[a,b]
{x|a ≤ x ≤ b}
All real numbers between a and b,
including both a and b.
(a,b]
{x|a < x ≤ b}
All real numbers between a and b,
including b but not a.
(  ,b)
{x|x < b}
All real numbers less than b.
[a,  ]
{x|x ≥ a}
All real numbers greater than or equal to a.
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Example 5: Set-builder Notation and Interval
Notation
Describe each of the following properties using the chart below:
a. All real numbers strictly between -5 and 8.
b. All real numbers greater than or equal to 2.
c. All real numbers between -10 and 3, including 3 but not -10.
d. The entire set of real numbers.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Interval
Notation
Set-builder
Notation
 5,8
 2, 
 10,3
 ,  
 x | 5  x  8
 x | x  2
 x | 10  x  3
 x |   x  
Interval is
______ at the
left endpoint
Interval is
______ at the
right endpoint
open
open
closed
open
open
closed
open
open
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Absolute Value and Distance on the Real
Number Line
oThe absolute value of a real number a, denoted as |a|, is
defined by:
 a if a  0
a 
  a if a  0
oThe absolute value of a number is also referred to as its
magnitude; it is the non-negative number corresponding
to its distance from the origin.
oGiven two real numbers, the distance between them is
defined to be |a−b|. In particular, the distance between a
and 0 is |a−0| or just |a|.
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Absolute Value and Distance on the Real
Number Line
Properties of Absolute Value
For all real numbers a and b:
1. a  0
a
a
5.  , b  0
b
b
2. a  a
6. a  b  a  b
3. a  a
7. a  b  b  a
4. ab  a b
(This is called the
triangle inequality
because it is a reflection
of the fact that one side
of a triangle is never
longer than the sum of
the other two sides.)
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Example 6: Absolute Value and Distance on
the Real Number Line
Simplify the following expressions using your
knowledge of absolute values:
a. 21  7  7  21  14
14  14  14. 21 and 7 are 14 units apart.
b.     
Both  and –  are  units from 0.
c.  3   3
How does this compare to  (3) ?
d. 11  3  11  3
11 is greater than 3, so this must be a positive
number.
11 is less than 13, so this expression must be
negative. So, its absolute value is  11  13 .
e. 11  13 13  11
f. 5  5  5
8
8
8

Note the properties of absolute value.

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Working with Repeating Decimals
A rational number that appears with a repeating pattern of digits
can be written as a ratio of integers by following the procedure
outlined below:
Suppose we wish to write 1.4568 as a ratio of integers.
45
We know that 1.4568  1 
 0.0068.
100
Now, let x  0.0068
68
99 x 
100 x  0.68
100
100 x  0.68  0.0068
68
17
x

Substitute x  0.0068
9900 2475
100 x  0.68  x
So, together we have
45
17
14423
99 x  0.68


1.4568  1 
100 2475 9900