Transcript Fat Soluble Vitamins

Chapters 10 & 11
THE VITAMINS
Vitamins
• Vitamins – organic nutrients
required in trace amounts
• Essential to the regulation of body
processes
• Noncaloric
• Divided into 2 groups based on
solubility: Fat-soluble & Watersoluble
The Fat-Soluble Vitamins
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Vitamin A
• Other names
–Retinol
–Retinal
–Retinoic acid
–Precursors are carotenoids such
as beta-carotene made by plants
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Vitamin A & Beta-Carotene
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Vitamin A
• Chief functions in the body
–Vision
–Maintenance of cornea, epithelial
cells, mucous membranes, skin
–Bone and tooth growth
–Reproduction
–Immunity
–Beta-carotene as an antioxidant
(may help prevent cancer &
heart disease)
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Vitamin A
• Chief functions in the body
–Vision
–Maintenance of cornea, epithelial
cells, mucous membranes, skin
–Bone and tooth growth
–Reproduction
–Immunity
–Beta-carotene as an antioxidant
(may help prevent cancer &
heart disease)
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Beta-Carotene
The color of Vitamin
A foods - spinach
and other dark leafy
greens; broccoli,
deep orange fruits
(apricots,
cantaloupe) and
vegetables (squash,
carrots, sweet
potatoes, pumpkin)
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Vitamin A
• Significant sources
–Retinol: fortified milk, cheese,
cream, butter, fortified
margarine, eggs, liver
• 2001 RDA
–Men: 900 g/day
–Women: 700 g/day
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Vitamin A
Deficiency symptoms
– Night blindness - leading cause of childhood
blindness in world
– corneal drying (xerosis)
– triangular gray spots on eye (Bitot’s spots)
– softening of the cornea (keratomalacia)
– corneal degeneration and blindness
(xerophthalmia)
– Impaired immunity (infections)
– Plugging of hair follicles with keratin,
forming white lumps (hyperkeratosis)
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Vitamin A
• Upper level for adults: 3000 g/day
Excess preformed may be toxic but
excess
beta-carotene is not toxic
• Acute toxicity symptoms
– Blurred vision
– Nausea, vomiting, vertigo
– Increase of pressure inside skull, mimicking
brain tumor
– Headaches
• Chronic toxicity symptoms
– Increased activity of osteoclasts causing
reduced bone density
– Liver abnormalities
– Birth defects
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Vitamin D
• Other names – the “sunshine”
vitamin
–Calciferol
–1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D
(calcitriol)
–Animal version: vitamin D3 or
cholecalciferol
–Plant version: vitamin D2 or
ergocalciferol
–Precursor is the body’s own
cholesterol
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Vitamin D
• Chief functions in the body
–Mineralization of bones (raises
blood calcium and phosphorus by
increasing absorption from
digestive tract, withdrawing
calcium from bones, stimulating
retention by kidneys)
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Vitamin D
• Significant sources
–Synthesized in the body with the
help of sunlight
–Fortified milk, margarine, butter,
cereals, and chocolate mixes
–Veal, beef, egg yolks, liver, fatty
fish (herring, salmon, sardines)
and their oils
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Vitamin D
• 1997 adequate intake (AI)
–19-50 years: 5 g/day
–51-70 years: 10 g/day
–more than 70 years: 15 g/day
• Upper level for adults:
50 g/day
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Vitamin D
• Deficiency symptoms: rickets in
children
– Inadequate calcification, resulting in
misshapen bones (bowing of legs)
– Enlargement of ends of long bones
(knees, wrists)
– Deformities of ribs (bowed, with
beads or knobs)
– Delayed closing of fontanel, resulting
in rapid enlargement of head
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Vitamin D
• Deficiency
disease in
children
–Rickets
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Vitamin D
• Deficiency symptoms in adults:
-Osteomalacia
-Loss of calcium, resulting in soft,
flexible, brittle , and deformed
bones
–Progressive weakness
–Pain in pelvis, lower back, and
legs
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Vitamin D
• Toxicity symptoms
–Elevated blood calcium
–Calcification of soft tissues
(blood vessels, kidneys, heart,
lungs, tissues around joints)
–Frequent urination
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Vitamin E
• Other name: alpha-tocopherol
• Chief function in the body
–Antioxidant (stabilization of cell
membranes, regulation of
oxidation reactions, protection of
polyunsaturated fatty acids and
vitamin A) effect in lungs,
protection against heart disease,
helps relieve fibrocystic breast
disease
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Vitamin E
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Vitamin E
• 2000 RDA
–Adults: 15 mg/day
• Upper level for adults:
1000 mg/day
Vitamin E
• Significant sources
– Polyunsaturated
plant oils
(margarine, salad
dressings,
shortenings)
– Leafy green
vegetables, wheat
germ, whole grains,
liver, egg yolks,
nuts, seeds
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Vitamin E
• Easily destroyed by heat and
oxygen
• Deficiency symptoms
–Red blood cell breakage
(erythrocyte hemolysis)
–Nerve damage
• Toxicity symptoms
–Interfers with blood clotting &
augments the effects of
anticoagulants
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Vitamin K
• Other names
–Phylloquinone
–Menaquinone
–Menadione
–Naphthoquinone
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Vitamin K
• Chief functions in the body
–Synthesis of blood-clotting
proteins and bone proteins that
regulate blood calcium
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Vitamin K
• 2001 AI
–Men: 120 g/day
–Women: 90 g/day
Vitamin K
• Significant
sources
–Bacterial
synthesis in the
digestive tract
–Liver
–Leafy green
vegetables,
cabbage-type
vegetables
–Milk
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Vitamin K
• Deficiency symptoms:
- Hemorrhagic disease (blood fails to
clot)
- Can occur with long-term use of
antibiotics & newborns (Vit. K
usually given at birth)
• Toxicity symptoms:
- Causes RBC hemolysis & jaundice
- Interferes with effectiveness of
anticoagulants
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