Concept 2 - RF Staples Secondary School
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Transcript Concept 2 - RF Staples Secondary School
Concept 2
Energy Transfer
CONCEPT 2 VOCABULARY TERMS
Static electricity
Proton
Electron
Neutral
Charge separation
Electrical discharge
Electrical current
Circuit
Amperes (A)
Conductors
Load
Voltage
Potential difference
Volt (V)
Voltmeter
Short circuit
Insulators
Fuses
Circuit breakers
CONCEPT 2 VOCABULARY TERMS
Electrochemical cell
Dry cell
Electrolyte
Ion
Electrode
Wet cell
Primary cell
Rechargeable cell
Secondary cell
Battery
Electrolysis
Electrochemistry
Electroplating
CONCEPT 2 – VOCABULARY TERMS
Conductor
Insulator
Resistor
Resistance
Ohms (Ω)
Variable resistor
Rheostat
Ohm’s Law
Ammeter
Schematic
Schematic diagram
Series circuit
Parallel circuit
Transistor
Microcircuit
CONCEPT 2 – ENERGY TRANSFER
Learning Concept
Investigate and evaluate the use of different
electrodes, electrolytes and electrolytic
concentrations in designing electrical storage cells
CONCEPT 2 – ENERGY TRANSFER
Recall:
Chemical energy is transformed into electrical
energy in battery-powered devices
An electrochemical cell is a device which has
different metals in a solution containing a salt or
acid
CONCEPT 2 – ENERGY TRANSFER
In an electrochemical cell, there are two metal
electrodes surrounded by an electrolyte, a
substance that can conduct electricity
CONCEPT 2 – ENERGY TRANSFER
Learning Concept
Assess the potential danger of electrical devices,
by referring to the voltage and current rating
(amperage) of the devices
Distinguish between safe and unsafe activities
CONCEPT 2 – ENERGY TRANSFER
Two aspects of electricity must be considered
when looking electrical dangers
Voltage
The measure of how much energy is carried by each
particle
Ampere
The rate at which an electrical current flows
http://i881.photobucket.com
CONCEPT 2 – ENERGY TRANSFER
High voltage is more dangerous than low
voltage
Small voltages can kill if the shock carries a
significant amount of amps
The number of amps is more important than
voltage when assessing potential danger
http://static.newworldencyclopedia.
org
http://wpcontent.answcdn.com
CONCEPT 2 – ENERGY TRANSFER
50,000 V is more likely to kill than 10 V
0.001 A passed through your body won’t likely
be felt
Current in the range of 0.015 A to 0.02 A causes
a painful shock and loss of muscle control
Currents as low as 0.1 A can be fatal
Electric eel can discharge 600 V at 1.0
A
www.aqua.org
CONCEPT 2 – ENERGY TRANSFER
Taser (stun) guns can
carry up to 50,000
volts
Can deliver up to
1,500 V to a person’s
body
Small current of 0.002
to 0.03 amps
http://thebsreport.files.wordpress.com
http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/story/2009/03/18/f-taser-faq.html
CONCEPT 2 – ENERGY TRANSFER
Electrical outlets in
Canada deliver 120
volts of electricity
A light bulb draws
about 0.5A while a
toaster pulls 5A
Possible to suffer fatal
shock from a
household outlet
http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/story/2009/03/18/f-taser-faq.html
CONCEPT 2 – ENERGY TRANSFER
Science Log
Make a list of 5 safety pointers for use with
electrical devices (reference pg 285)
ex. Do not use electrical devices when near or in
water unless they are specially designed
www.auctionpax.co.uk
CONCEPT 2 – ENERGY TRANSFER
Learning Concept
Distinguish between static and current electricity
Identify example evidence of each
CONCEPT 2 – ENERGY TRANSFER
Recall:
The proton has a positive charge
The electron has a negative charge
Most objects have equal amounts of positive
and negative charges, which makes them
neutral
CONCEPT 2 – ENERGY TRANSFER
Charge separation occurs when charged
objects are brought close to neutral objects
http://4.bp.blogspot.com
CONCEPT 2 – ENERGY TRANSFER
Rubbing the balloon
on your hair transfers
electrons (e-) from
your hair to the
balloon
Bringing the charged
balloon to the wall
repels the e- in the
wall but attracts the
protons
CONCEPT 2 – ENERGY TRANSFER
The Laws of Electrical Charges
Opposite charges attract each other
Like charges repel each other
http://learn.uci.ed
CONCEPT 2 – ELECTRICAL ENERGY
Electrical discharge is observed as a spark
Static energy does not flow in a current but can
build up and discharge
Electrons build up in your body
Doorknob becomes positively charged as “your”
electrons repel the doorknob electrons
“Your” electrons are attracted to the doorknob’s protons
www.school-for-champions.com
CONCEPT 2 – ENERGY TRANSFER
Van de Graaff generator
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7qgM1A3pgkQ&fea
ture=related
http://1.bp.blogspot.com
http://4.bp.blogspot.com
CONCEPT 2 – ENERGY TRANSFER
While static energy builds up and discharges, it
does not flow continuously
Electrical currents are steady flows of charged
particles
This is the type of energy used to operate electrical
devices
http://upload.wikimedia.org
CONCEPT 2 – ENERGY TRANSFER
Learning Concept
Identify electrical conductors and insulators
Compare resistance of different materials to
electric flow
CONCEPT 2 – ENERGY TRANSFER
Insulators do not allow for easy transfer of
electrons away from the nucleus
Tightly bound to the nuclei
http://glassian.org
CONCEPT 2 – ENERGY TRANSFER
In a conductor the electrons are more loosely
bound so they can move away from the nuclei
Current will only flow if the conductor is hooked to
an electrical source
www.diy-guides.com
www.copper.org
CONCEPT 2 – ENERGY TRANSFER
Different materials conduct electricity at
different abilities
Important to know so devices designed are both
safe and effective
www.mutr.co.uk
CONCEPT 2 – ENERGY TRANSFER
A resistor is a type of conductor
Allows current to pass but applies a resistance to it
Limits amount of electric current to pass
Resistance is a measure of how difficult it is for electrons
to flow through a substance
www.yksd.com
CONCEPT 2 – ENERGY TRANSFER
Resistance is measured in ohms
Symbol is the Greek letter omega, W
The more resistance a substance has, the more
energy is gained from each electron passing
through it
www.electronicsandyou.com
CONCEPT 2 – ENERGY TRANSFER
A polygraph machine (lie detector) is an
application of resistance
Measures skin resistance, blood pressure and
respiration
www.mentalfloss.com
CONCEPT 2 – ENERGY TRANSFER
Learning Concept
Use switches and resistors to control electrical
flow
Predict effect of these devices and others in an
application
CONCEPT 2 – ENERGY TRANSFER
A switch is the best method for turning
electricity on and off
Basic principle: when on, two conductors are
pressed together and electrons can flow
When off, the conductors are not in contact, and
electron flow is interrupted
www.web.net
www.edupic.net
CONCEPT 2 – ENERGY TRANSFER
A variable resistor, or rheostat, is used to
increase or decrease the amount of current in
a circuit slowly
Dimmer light switch
Volumes on stereos
Foot-operated speed controls on sewing machines
CONCEPT 2 – ENERGY TRANSFER
Learning Concept
Describe, using models, the nature of electric
current
Explain the relationship between current,
resistance, and voltage
CONCEPT 2 – ENERGY TRANSFER
Recall:
Current looks at how quickly an electrical charge is
able to move (amps)
Voltage looks at how much charge is carried in the
electrical current (volts)
Resistance is a measure of how difficult it is for
electrons to transfer (ohms)
www.websters-online-dictionary.net
CONCEPT 2 – ENERGY TRANSFER
CONCEPT 2 – ENERGY TRANSFER
The hydo-flow model has several components
Water in the container
Amount of water pouring from the spouts
Force of gravity on the water
Diameter of the spout
CONCEPT 2 – ENERGY TRANSFER
Learning Concept
Measure voltages and amperages in circuits
Apply Ohm’s law to calculate resistance, voltage
and current in simple circuits
CONCEPT 2 – ENERGY TRANSFER
German scientist Georg Simon Ohm proved a
mathematical link between voltage (V), current
(I) and resistance (R)
CONCEPT 2 – ENERGY TRANSFER
Ohm’s law states that as long as temperature
remains the same
Resistance of a conductor stays the same
Current is directly proportional to the voltage
applied
www.sengpielaudio.com
CONCEPT 2 – ENERGY TRANSFER
So long as two of the three units are known, the
last one can be solved for
http://cyberchalky.files.wordpress.com
CONCEPT 2 – ENERGY TRANSFER
Ohm’s Law
Quantity
Symbol
Unit
Equation
Measured
with …
Voltmeter
Voltage
V
volts
(V)
Current
I
amps
(A)
Ammeter
Resistance
R
ohms
(W)
Ohmmeter
CONCEPT 2 – ENERGY TRANSFER
Example
An electrical stove is connected to a 240-V
outlet. If the current flowing through the stove is
20-A, what is the resistance of the heating
element?
CONCEPT 2 – ENERGY TRANSFER
Example
A 30-V battery creates a current through a 15Ω resistor. How much current is created?
CONCEPT 2 – ENERGY TRANSFER
Example
A motor has an internal resistance of 40-Ω. The
motor is in a circuit with a current of 4.0-A.
What is the voltage?
CONCEPT 2 – ENERGY TRANSFER
Example
A current of 625-mA runs through a bulb that is
connected to 120-V. What is the resistance of
the bulb?
CONCEPT 2 – ENERGY TRANSFER
Learning Concept
Develop, test and troubleshoot circuit designs
for a variety of specific purposes
CONCEPT 2 – ENERGY TRANSFER
A circuit is simply a complete path that
charged particles can flow through
Often drawn with symbols in an image known as a
schematic or a schematic diagram
www.bin95.com
CONCEPT 2 – ENERGY TRANSFER
Using your textbook as a reference (pg 312)
complete the following diagram of electrical
symbols
Symbol
Represents
Conductor
Cell
Battery
Lamp
Resistor
Switch
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Rheostat
Motor
Fuse
Description
CONCEPT 2 – ENERGY TRANSFER
A series circuit is one in which the current
passes through each bulb in turn
www.electronicsandyou.com
CONCEPT 2 – ENERGY TRANSFER
Disadvantages
If the pathway is
interrupted the whole
circuit cannot function
Adding components
increases the total
resistance
Adding another bulb
would make all the
lights dimmer
www.sciencephoto.com/
CONCEPT 2 – ENERGY TRANSFER
Advantages
Household circuits are wired so that it is possible to
turn off all the electricity in the circuit
http://images.meredith.com
CONCEPT 2 – ENERGY TRANSFER
Parallel circuits have separate current paths for
each section of the circuit
Each bulb would have its own path to the current
source
CONCEPT 2 – ENERGY TRANSFER
Advantages
An interruption or break in one pathway does not
affect the rest of the pathways
Adding extra resistors decreases the total
resistance in the circuit
http://i.ehow.com
CONCEPT 2 – ENERGY TRANSFER
Learning Concept
Identify similarities and differences between
microcircuits and circuits in a house
CONCEPT 2 – ENERGY TRANSFER
Define transistor
Define fuse
Use page 315 of your textbook to compare and
contrast microcircuits and household wiring