Transcript 3-B.Dolgoshein_SiPM-product

The SiPM
status on R&D in Munich
Nepomuk Otte
MPI für Physik München
outline
• working principle
• status in Munich
• measurement results
–
–
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single photon resolution
gain
time resolution
recovery time
crosstalk
• summary
Nepomuk Otte ([email protected])
Max-Planck-Institute for physics Munich
SiPM – the working
principle
APD in geiger mode is a single
photon counting device
combine many small pixels into a matrix and
connect them in parallel gain dynamic range
in addition to single photon resolution
Nepomuk Otte ([email protected])
Max-Planck-Institute for physics Munich
SiPM status in Munich
SiPM from MEPhI
• 1mm2 with 576 pixels are in Munich
and are being studied (see results on
the following slides)
• 9mm2 already in Munich
- test station is being setup (cooling
needed)
development at HLL
IDEA: use fully depleted Si with
backside irradiation (no dead space)
• simulations are in progress
-APD in geiger mode
-APD in proportional mode
• test structures at the end of this year
• first prototypes at the end of next year
Nepomuk Otte ([email protected])
Max-Planck-Institute for physics Munich
gain
picture
a capacity is discharged by a
certain amount of charge
Q  C  (Ubias  Ubreakdown )
Q
Gain 
e
slope gives pixel capacity
(C = 41fF)
gain comparable to PMT‘s
Nepomuk Otte ([email protected])
Max-Planck-Institute for physics Munich
time resolution
J. Barral
timeresolution t imroves with number of fired pixels
t 
Nepomuk Otte ([email protected])
1
number of fired pixels
Max-Planck-Institute for physics Munich
recovery time
no well defined deadtime
better: “recovery time”
t
 

U  1  e  


  1s
pixel is not dead while it is
recharging to bias voltage
J. Barral
with a dark count rate of 106 counts/s at room temperature
1‰ of all pixels will always be “dead”
Nepomuk Otte ([email protected])
Max-Planck-Institute for physics Munich
single photon resolution
very low excess noise factor leads to multiple photon resolution
Nepomuk Otte ([email protected])
Max-Planck-Institute for physics Munich
crosstalk
Hot-Carrier Luminescence
105 avalanche carriers  3 emitted
photons
A. Lacaita et al, IEEE TED (1993)
photons generated in the avalanche
travel into a neighbouring cell and
initiate another geiger brakedown
ways to reduce crosstalk: reduce gain and/or absorb photons between pixels
Nepomuk Otte ([email protected])
Max-Planck-Institute for physics Munich
quantum efficieny
0
SiPM Z246 (576 pixels).
T = +19 C
Parameters measurement conditions. Yellow LED L53SYC (l=595nm), wavegide, duration of electrical
impulse igniting the LED timpulse=10ns, amplifier LeCroy 612AM (kI=30), ADC Lecroy 2249A, tgate=50ns
Pixel gain kpixel, 10
5
30
25
20
15
10
determined by
• intrinsic QE of Si
• detection efficiency
(depending on overvoltage)
• active area (≈25%)
Model: linear
Equation: y=a+b*x
a
-160.94956
b
3.22447
5
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
Bias voltage U, V
14
Efficiency e, %
12
10
Model: ExpDecay1
Equation: y = y0 + A1*exp(-(x-x0)/t1)
y0
17.3601
x0
42.205
A1
-52.75392
t1
6.87142
8
6
4
52
12
10
Nepomuk Otte
53
54
55
56
Bias voltage U, V
Model: ExpGrow2
Equation: y = y0 + A1*exp((x-x0)/t1) + A2*exp((x-x0)/t2)
y0
2119.18427
([email protected])
x0
-1096.07597
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60
P. Buzhan et al. NIM A 504 (2003) 48-52
Max-Planck-Institute for physics Munich
summary and outlook
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we are developing SiPMs in two different ways:
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SiPM is a promising replacement candidate for conventional
photomultipliers
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•
in collaboration with MEPhI and Pulsar (B. Dolgoshein et al.)
with the semiconductor laboratory attached to MPI (WHI) and MPE
high gain (106)
QESiPM ≈ QEPMT; expect boost by the application of microlenses
multiple photoelectron resolution up to ≈ 60 photo electrons
mechanical robust
possibility of mass production  reduction in costs
insensitiv to magnetic fields
low power consumption < 40µW per 1 mm2
dark count rate
crosstalk
R&D goals: increase SiPM size from 1 mm up to (3-5)mm
increase in QE up to 70%
Nepomuk Otte ([email protected])
Max-Planck-Institute for physics Munich
crosstalk at a gain of
5105
Nepomuk Otte ([email protected])
Max-Planck-Institute for physics Munich
Dark noise
• noise sources
22°C
– thermal generation
– tunneling
• cooling needed to satisfy
EUSO requirements
– count rate drops below
10kHz when operated at
-50°C and gain >106
Nepomuk Otte ([email protected])
Max-Planck-Institute for physics Munich
Principle of operation
1.
2.
3.
4.
photon is absorbed in the
depleted semiconductor
photo electron drifts into high
field region and initiates an
avalanche breakdown
passive quenching by resistor
deadtime ≈10-7 s given by the
time constant to recharge the
pixel‘s capacity
P. Buzhan et al.
http://www.slac-stanford.edu/pubs/icfa/fall01.html
Nepomuk Otte ([email protected])
Max-Planck-Institute for physics Munich
Photon detector requirements
for EUSO
• overall photon detection efficiency > 50%
(only about thousand photons per event)
• sensitive range 330 nm to 400 nm
(fluorescence light of N2 molecules)
• single photon counting with time resolution <10 ns
(to avoid photon pileup)
• dynamic range 100 phe/mm2
(to detect the Cherenkov flash)
• dark noise < 106 counts/s/mm2
(so light of night sky is limiting)
• active detector area 4mm x 4mm with as small as possible dead area
(given by the resolution of the EUSO optics)
Nepomuk Otte ([email protected])
Max-Planck-Institute for physics Munich