Transcript Electronic System Design Techniques

Electronic System Design
Techniques
Boonying Charoen
Kittiphong Meesawat
Wichai Premchaisawadi
Course Syllabus
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Introduction : Passive & Active Components 21 – 25 Oct.
Packaging & Interconnection Technologies 28 Oct. – 1 Nov.
Cables & Connectors
4 – 8 Nov.
(20 %)
CAD Tools
11 – 22 Nov.
Design Examples
25 – 29 Nov.
PCB design & Implementation
6 – 10 Jan.2014
(20%)
1st Presentation (Conceptual Design 10%)
2 – 6 Dec.
2nd Presentation (Simulation 10%)
16 – 20 Dec.
3rd Presentation (Prototype 10%)
3 – 7 Feb.2014
(60%)
Presentation
30%
Report & Complete Prototype 20%
Attention & Participation 10%
Electronics product life cycle
Electronic Components
• Electrical properties
• Mechanical properties
• Dimension & Weight
• Cost & Availability
• Ergonomic
• etc.
Definitions
Passive: Capable of operating without an external
power source. Typical passive components are
resistors, capacitors, inductors and switches etc.
Active: Requiring a source of power to operate.
Includes transistors (all types), integrated circuits
(all types), TRIACs, SCRs, LEDs, etc.
DC: Direct Current
The electrons flow in one direction only.
Current flow is from negative to positive,
although it is often more convenient to think of
it as from positive to negative. This is
sometimes referred to as "conventional" current
as opposed to electron flow.
AC: Alternating Current
The electrons flow in both directions in a
cyclic manner - first one way, then the
other. The rate of change of direction
determines the frequency, measured in Hertz
(cycles per second).
Passive Electronic Components
Physical
Appearance
Units
Resistor
Capacitor
Inductor
Slide 9
Slide 13
Slide 26
Ohm (W)
Farad (F)
Henry (H)
Other
Specifications
• Maximum Power
(Watt)
• Tolerance (%)
• Maximum
Voltage (Volt)
• Tolerance (%)
Code
• Colour (Slide 12)
• Numeric Code
and Direct Value
(Slide 13)
Slide 20
Standard Values
Slide 14
Slide 21
Typical Values
Few ohms
to
tens of Mega-ohm
• Maximum
Current (A)
• Tolerance (%)
Slide 27
Few pico-Farad
Few nano-Henry
to
to
tens of micro-Farad tens of milli-Henry
Variable
Components
Resistor
Capacitor
Inductor
Slide 11
Slide 19
Slide 27
Symbol and
Notation
Relationship with
voltage and
current
Equivalence of
Series/parallel
combination
v  Ri
(Ohm’s Law)
Slide 29
dv
iC
dt
Slide 29
vL
di
dt
Slide 29
Resistor Examples
SMT Components
Through-hole Resistors
(Larger size often indicates higher power rating)
http://www.wordiq.com/definition/Resistor
SMT Rectangular passive components (mostly resistors and capacitors):
01005 (0402 metric) : 0.016" × 0.008" (0.4 mm × 0.2 mm)
Typical power rating for resistors 1/32 Watt
0201 (0603 metric) : 0.024" × 0.012" (0.6 mm × 0.3 mm)
Typical power rating for resistors 1/20 Watt
0402 (1005 metric) : 0.04" × 0.02" (1.0 mm × 0.5 mm)
Typical power rating for resistors 1/16 Watt
0603 (1608 metric) : 0.063" × 0.031" (1.6 mm × 0.8 mm)
Typical power rating for resistors 1/16 Watt
0805 (2012 metric) : 0.08" × 0.05" (2.0 mm × 1.25 mm)
Typical power rating for resistors 1/10 or 1/8 Watt
1206 (3216 metric) : 0.126" × 0.063" (3.2 mm × 1.6 mm)
Typical power rating for resistors 1/4 Watt
1806 (4516 metric) : 0.177" × 0.063" (4.5 mm × 1.6 mm)
1812 (4532 metric) : 0.18" × 0.12" (4.5 mm × 3.2 mm)
Typical power rating for resistors 1/2 Watt
2010 (5025 metric) : 0.2" × 0.1" (5.0 mm × 2.5 mm)
2512 (6332 metric) : 0.25" × 0.12" (6.35 mm × 3.0 mm)
Ref: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-mount_technology
Variable Resistor Examples
Resistor Color Code
http://www.oilfield.de/download/techtabs/electron/ccode001.pdf
On line Tool:
http://www.samengstrom.com/nxl/3660/4_band_resistor_color_code_page.en.html
Note: A resistor with a single black-band is a zero ohm resistor
Resistor
Code
Ref: http://www.lalena.com/audio/electronics/color/
SIL (Single In-Line) network:
• The 4 and 7 are significant digits and the 3 is the decade, giving
47 x 1000 or 47 KW
• The letter after the numbers is the tolerance. The different
representations are: M=±20%, K=±10%, J=±5%, G=±2%,
F=±1%.
• Detail Spec: http://www.vishay.com/docs/31509/csc.pdf
SMD (Surface Mount Device):
• The 1 and 0 are significant digits and the 3 is the decade, giving
10 x 1000 or 10 KW
Direct Value:
• Resistors with larger physical size are often printed the value
directly on their body
Standard Resistor Values
Electronic Industries Association (EIA) standard E24:
Standard E24 specifies resistors based on 5% tolerance (often
resistor of this category has 2% tolerance now a days due to
advancement of manufacturing techniques)
Standard Resistor values =
100
110
120
130
150
160
180
200
220
240
270
300
330
360
390
430
470
510
560
620
680
750
820
910
× 10M Ohms
(Where M can be any integer, positive or negative)
For other standards: http://www.logwell.com/tech/components/resistor_values.html
Tolerance
The tolerance of resistors is mostly 1%, 2%, 5% and 10%. In the old
days, 20% was also common, but these are now rare. Even 10%
resistors are hard to get except in extremely high or low values (> 1M
or < 1R), where they may be the only options available at a sensible
price.
A 100R resistor with 5% tolerance may be anywhere between 95 and
105 ohms - in most circuits this is insignificant, but there will be
occasions where very close tolerance is needed (e.g. 0.1% or better).
Power Ratings
Resistors are available with power ratings of 1/8 W (or less for
surface mount devices), up to hundreds of watts.
The most common are 1/4W (0.25W), 1/2W (0.5W), 1W, 5W and
10W.
Very few projects require higher powers, and it is often much
cheaper to use multiple 10W resistors than a single (say) 50W
unit. They will also be very much easier to obtain.
Like all components, it is preferable to keep temperatures as low as
possible, so no resistor should be operated at its full power rating for
any extended time.
Resistance Materials
Carbon Composition: Low to medium power. Comparatively poor
tolerance and stability. Noisier than most others.
Carbon Film: Low power. Reasonable tolerance and
stability. Reasonably quiet.
Metal Film: Low to medium power. Very good tolerance and
stability. Quiet.
Wirewound: High to very high power. Acceptable to very good
tolerance, good stability. Quiet. May have inductance.
There are non-inductive wirewound resistors, but are not readily
available, and usually not cheap.
Capacitor Examples
http://www.wordiq.com/definition/Capacitor
Capacitor
Network
Through-Hole
SMT Chip
Variable Capacitor Examples
Capacitor Alphanumeric Code
or r
4R7 = 4.7 mF
4.7 pF
4N7 = 4.7 nF
4P7 =
Standard Capacitor Values
Ref: http://www.aoc.nrao.edu/~pharden/ref/_caps.pdf
Capacitance Materials
Silvered Mica: Probably the most linear low value capacitor, these
are most commonly used in RF applications where the dielectric
losses would preclude other types. They are physically large and
comparatively expensive.
Polystyrene: Very good electrical properties, including
exceptionally high dielectric resistance. Very linear and stable, but
physically large. Polystyrene is affected by many solvents, and is
unsuitable for high temperatures.
Ceramic: Excellent high frequency performance, but not stable
with temperature (except NPO types). The temperature sensitivity
is often used to stabilise RF oscillators. Very good bypass caps for
high speed opamps. Not recommended for use in the audio
path. Commonly available in voltages up to 3kV or more.
Monolithic Ceramic: Designed as bypass capacitors, these are
physically small, and have excellent HF performance. Stability is
suspect, and they are not recommended for use in the audio path.
Polyester: One of the most popular types, in the "MKT" package
style. Stable and reliable, but generally only low voltage (up to
100V). Suitable for all audio applications, as well as bypass on power
amplifiers and opamps.
Mylar: Also known as "Greencaps" - another popular cap, suitable for
all audio applications, as well as bypass for power amps and
opamps. (Note that Greencaps may also be polyester).
Polypropylene: Available in relatively large values, and
excellent for passive loudspeaker crossover networks. Said by
some to be audibly superior to other plastic film types.
PET: (Polyethylene Terephthalate) - the same stuff that plastic
drink bottles are made from. Used in many different types of
plastic film caps, often replacing polyester or mylar
Electrolytic: Using plates of aluminium and an electrolyte to
provide conductivity, these caps use an extremely thin layer of
aluminium oxide (created by anodising) as the dielectric. This
gives very high capacitance per unit volume, and electros are
used as coupling capacitors, filter capacitors in power supplies,
and anywhere where a close tolerance is not needed, but high
capacitance is necessary. They have a maximum current rating
which must not be exceeded, and are somewhat unreliable. There
are no alternatives.
Low Leakage Electrolytic: These are a "premium" version of
standard electrolytic capacitors, and are used where relatively high
capacitance is required, but leakage (DC current flow) is undesirable,
even at very low values.
Tantalum: Very high capacitance per unit volume, but probably the
most unreliable capacitor ever made.
Bipolar Electrolytic: Two polarised electrolytic capacitors in series,
with the positive (or negative) terminals joined internally. They are
not especially reliable at any appreciable power. They are sometimes
useful in circuits where a high value cap is needed, but there is little
or no polarising voltage.
Oil/ Paper: These were used many years ago, and can still be found as
motor start and power factor factor correction capacitors. They are
extremely rugged, and are self-healing. They do not fail as a short
circuit - any arc is extinguished by the oil, and the cap can continue to
function normally after the excess voltage is removed.
Inductor Examples
Wire-wound Inductors
Wire-wound Inductors
http://www.wordiq.com/definition/Inductor
SMT
Ferrite drum wire-wound
For More:
http://www.cambion.co.uk/Main/catalogu
e_inductive.htm
http://www.epcos.com/inf/30/db/emc
_00/01810183.pdf
Variable Inductor Example
http://www.cambion.co.uk/Main/coilform-shielded.htm
http://www.standexelectronics.com/products/low_frequency_magnetics.htm
http://www.standexelectronics.com/products/high_frequency_magnetics.htm
http://www.standexelectronics.com/products/insert_molded_rf_inductors.htm
Inductor Code
http://www.elexp.com/t_induct.htm
Inductor Alphanumeric code (Similar to capacitor code):
Series and Parallel Combinations
Electronic Components Suppliers
http://th.mouser.com/Home.aspx
http://th.farnell.com/
http://www.digikey.com/
http://www.allelectronics.com/
http://www.yageo.com/portal/index.jsp
http://thailand.rs-online.com/web/
http://www.es.co.th/
http://www.wt.co.th/
http://www.npe.co.th/web_npe/home.php
http://www.thairohs.org/
http://www.caddock.com/
http://www.ohmite.com/
http://www.vishay.com/
http://industrial.panasonic.com/ww/products_e/passi
ve_electromech_e/passive_electromech_e.html
http://www.elna.co.jp/en/capacitor/index.html
http://www.rubycon.com/
Active Electronic Components
• Diodes
• Transistors
• Linear ICs
• Digital ICs
• Photonic Devices
• RF & Microwave Devices
• Power Devices
• Special Purpose Devices etc.
Diodes
PN junction diode
Diodes
Bridge diode
Diodes
Zener diode
Diodes
A
K
Light Emitting Diodes
Comparison of chip technologies for
wide-angle, non-diffused LEDs
LED
Color
Standard Brightness
Chip Material
Lpk (NM)
Iv (mcd)
High Brightness
Viewing
Angle
Chip Material
Lpk (NM)
Iv3 (mcd)
Viewing
Angle
Red
GaAsP/GaP
635
120
35
AS AlInGaP
635
900
30
Orange
GaAsP/Gap
605
90
30
AS AlInGaP
609
1,300
30
Amber
GaAsP/Gap
583
100
35
AS AlInGaP
592
1,300
30
Yellow
Gap
570
160
30
--
--
--
--
Green
Gap
565
140
24
GaN
520
1,200
45
Turquoise
--
--
--
--
GaN
495
2,000
30
Blue
--
--
--
--
GaN
465
325
45
Diodes
LASER Diodes
Transistors
Bipolar Junction Transistor
Transistors
P-channel
N-channel
JFET
MOSFET enh
MOSFET dep
Field Effect Transistors
Linear ICs
Digital ICs
Photo Diodes
Photo Transistors
RF Devices
RF Monolithic Microwave ICs (MMICs)
DC – 2 GHz Amplifier
Power Devices