Transcript Slide 1

Unit One: Technological and Environmental
Transformations (c. 8000 BCE to c. 600 BCE)
Ch. 1: From Human Prehistory to the Early Civilizations
Key Concepts:
1.1 Big Geography and the Peopling of the Earth
1.2 Neolithic Revolution and Early Agricultural Societies
1.3 Development and Interactions of Early Agricultural,
Pastoral, and Urban Societies
Carl Sagan’s Cosmic Calendar
Imagine that the entire
history of the universe is
compressed into one year with the Big Bang
corresponding to the first
second of the New Year's
Day, and the present time
to the last second of
December 31st (midnight).
Using this scale of time,
each month would equal a
little over a billion years.
Here's a closer look at
when important events
would occur when we
imagine the universe in
one year.
http://www.maniacworld.com/history-of-the-universein-single-year.html
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WPBkYgvzavo
Vocabulary/Identification
Unit 1 (Chapter 1)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Paleolithic
Homo erectus
Mesolithic
Neolithic
Neolithic Revolution
Bronze Age
Iron Age
Slash and burn (a.k.a. shifting
agriculture)
9. Çatal Hüyük
10. Civilization
11. Mesopotamia
12. cuneiform
13. Sumerians
14. City-state
15. Hammurabi
16. Indo-European
17. Semitic
18. Pharaoh
19. Kush
20. Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro
21. Huang He (a.k.a. Hwang He, Yellow River)
22. Phoenicians
23. Jewish monotheism
The Theory of Evolution
The theory of evolution, formalized
by Charles Darwin in the 1800’s, is as
much a theory as is the theory of
gravity, or the theory of relativity.
However, unlike theories of physics,
biological theories (especially
evolution) have been argued long
and passionately in socio-political
arenas. Even today, evolution is not
often taught in primary schools.
However, evolution is the binding
force of all biological research - the
unifying theme - and is supported by
the scientific community.
As evolution became
widely accepted in
the 1870s,
caricatures of
Charles Darwin with
an ape or monkey
body symbolized
evolution for some.
http://www.phy.syr.e
du/courses/modules
/ORIGINS/origins.ht
ml
Evolution Timeline
http://archaeologyinfo.com/human-evolution-timeline/
Basic Evolutionary Sequence:
Ardipithecus ramidus – (ardi = ground or floor, pithecus = ape)
Australopithecus – (southern ape)
Homo habilis – (with the ability to make tools)
Homo erectus – (upright-walking)
Homo sapiens – (thinking humans)
Homo sapiens sapiens – (modern thinking humans)
__________________________________________________________
Not So Basic Evolutionary Sequence:
Sahelanthropus tchadensis
Orrorin tugenensis
Ardipithecus ramidus
Australopithecus anamensis
Australopithecus afarensis
Kenyanthropus platyops
Australopithecus africanus
Australopithecus garhi
Australopithecus sediba
Australopithecus aethiopicus
Australopithecus robustus
Australopithecus boisei
Homo habilis
Homo georgicus
Homo erectus
Homo ergaster
Homo antecessor
Homo heidelbergensis (aka Homo sapiens
archaic)
Homo neanderthalensis
Homo floresiensis
Homo sapiens sapiens
http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2009/10/01_ardiskeleton.shtml
Australopithecus:
“Southern Ape”
(This is Lucy!)
http://www.becominghuman.org/
The Fossil Record
Homo Habilis –
evidence of the first
use of tools
Homo Erectus
may have been first hominid species
to use fire, and first to migrate out
of Africa
Homo sapiens archaic
Cro-magnon
(Homo sapiens sapiens)
Neanderthal
(Homo sapiens)
Flores man ... a model of a skull
from the newly found species of
hobbit-sized humans that lived
about 18,000 years ago in
Indonesia. (Reuters)
In 2003 Australian
scientists found a new
species of hobbit-sized
humans who lived about
18,000 years ago on an
Indonesian island. The
discovery adds another
piece to the complex puzzle
of human evolution. The
partial skeleton of Homo
floresiensis, found in a
cave on the island of
Flores, is of an adult
female that was a meter
tall, had a chimpanzeesized brain and was
substantially different from
modern humans.
Prehistory
•The time before written records were kept.
•Human beings and our ancestors (hominids) lived on
earth for millions of years before the start of history.
•Prehistory is divided into three main periods:
1. Paleolithic (Old Stone Age)
2. Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age)
3. Neolithic (New Stone Age)
The Peopling of the
Earth
During the Paleolithic Era, our
hominid ancestors began to migrate
out of Africa.
http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/journey/
Website Scavenger Hunt: Journey of Mankind
http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/journey/
1.What is the earliest known archaeological evidence of our ancestral origins
in East Africa?
2.What were the four destinations of the first migrating hominids?
3.What was the “First Exit?”
4.What happened to the first exit group?
5.What happened between 90,000 and 85,000 B.C.E.?
6.What are the Gates of Grief?
7.After the second exit, what do you notice about the path of migration?
8.What was the impact of Mt. Toba on “the journey of mankind?”
9.When did people begin to migrate into Australia, Borneo, and New Guinea
(parts of the region we call Oceania)?
10.When did people begin moving into Europe, and what made this possible?
11.Around when did people begin migrating into Japan, and from where?
12.Around when – and how – did people get to North America?
13.What happened between 22,000-19,000 B.C.E., and what are “refuges?”
14.What are the “Bradshaw Paintings?”
15.What was the last continent (not including Antarctica) on which people
arrived?
16.What made the “dawn of agriculture” possible, and when did this occur?
From Culture to Civilization
**Prehistoric humans were
the first to begin developing
culture. The most basic
definition of culture is:
Learned patterns of
action
The existence of cave
paintings proves that culture
existed among early humans.
http://www.lascaux.culture.fr/?lng=en#/fr/00.xml
http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/arcnat/chauvet/en/
Prehistoric Cave Art
Another Definition
of Culture:
Culture: is a shared, learned, symbolic system of
values, beliefs and attitudes that shapes and
influences perception and behavior. An abstract
"mental blueprint" or "mental code."
Culture is examined by studying behavior,
customs, material culture (artifacts, tools,
technology), language, etc.
7 Characteristics of Culture
• Learned. Process of learning one's culture is called enculturation.
• Shared by the members of a society. No "culture of one."
• Patterned. People in a society live and think in ways that form definite
patterns.
• Mutually constructed through a constant process of social interaction.
• Symbolic. Culture, language and thought are based on symbols and
symbolic meanings.
• Arbitrary. Not based on "natural laws" external to humans, but created
by humans according to the "whims" of the society. Example: standards
of beauty.
• Internalized. Habitual. Taken-for-granted.
Perceived as "natural."
A Summary of
Archaeological Periods
8000 -- 4000 BCE
Neolithic Period
4000 -- 3150 BCE
Chalcolithic Period *
3150 -- 2900 BCE
Early Bronze Age I
2900 -- 2600 BCE
Early Bronze Age II
2600 -- 2300 BCE
Early Bronze Age III
2200 -- 1950 BCE
Middle Bronze Age I
1950 -- 1550 BCE
Middle Bronze Age II
1550 -- 1400 BCE
Late Bronze Age I
1400 -- 1200 BCE
Late Bronze Age II
1200 -- 1000 BCE
Iron Age I
1000 -- 586 BCE
Iron Age II
Q: What is this method of
organizing early history based on?
*Chalcolithic is the name
given to the period in the
Near East (a.k.a. Middle
East) and Europe after the
Neolithic and before the
Bronze Age, between about
4500 and 3500 BCE. This
period has the earliest
evidence for complex
societies, the location of
cemeteries outside of
settlements, craft
specialization in copper
tool production, ivory, and
ceramics. The word is from
the Greek for copper
(chalcos) and stone
(lithos).
The Agricultural
Revolution(s)
•Archaeologists and historians
believe plant domestication began
about 10,000 years ago among
some human groups. This led to the
first permanent, or sedentary,
villages.
•Domestication of animals was also
an important part of the Neolithic
Revolution.
•Several agricultural revolutions
occurred at different times
throughout the world. Some
societies, because of geography,
climate, and resource availability, did
not develop agriculture.
•Calendars were developed to keep
track of planting/harvesting seasons.
Regions of world where agriculture first
developed:
•Southwest Asia
•East Asia
•Southeast Asia
•Mesoamerica
(Independently
developed
agriculture)
•Northeastern America
•East Africa (Nile Valley)
•West Africa
•Southeast Europe
•South America (Andes Region)
(Evidence indicates
agricultural knowledge and
technology may have been
borrowed from, or spread
from other regions.)
Agricultural Revolutions occurred
throughout the world between
9000 BCE – 2000 BCE.
Neolithic Revolution - domestication of plants and
animals begins
Villages form, population increases
Need for food surplus and irrigation arises
Job specialization becomes more complex
Political organization begins in order to organize labor for large
irrigation projects
Social classes form and social structures
become more complex
Civilization – reflective writing
•How would you define the term
“civilization?”
•What do you consider “uncivilized?”
•What are some characteristics of a
civilization?
Civilization - Official Definition: An organized social
structure.
Main Features of early civilizations, according to some
historians:
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cities
central government
religion
job specialization (such as scribes, artisans, priests, etc.)
social classes
arts and architecture
public works
a form of writing
Another characteristic of many early civilizations was
polytheism. Also, the use of slave labor was common.
“The truest test of civilization is, not the census, nor
the size of the cities, nor the crops, but the kind of
man that the country turns out.”
-Ralph Waldo Emerson
“The true civilization is where every man gives to every
other every right that he claims for himself.”
-Robert Green Ingersoll
“You can’t say civilization isn’t advancing: in every war
they kill you in a new way.”
-Will Rodgers
•The earliest complex societies (located in Egypt and
Mesopotamia) began to develop about 5000 years
ago, around 3100 B.C.E. This is often referred to as
the “Urban Revolution.”
•Writing also began about 5000 years ago in some
societies, due to the need to keep economic and
administrative records.
•People began to acquire more possessions
•New technologies were developed (irrigation, etc.)
•Women lost status as a result of the development
of agriculture in most societies.
Q: Why do you think this occurred?
A:
Some Early Civilizations
of the Middle East
Sumeria
Babylonia
Assyria
Phoenicia
Canaan (Palestine)
Persia
Egypt
Nubia
•The Fertile Crescent,
(including
Mesopotamia) was
home to many of the
earliest and most
advanced civilizations.
•As society and
population grew, scarce
resources and a variety
of ideas and beliefs led
to conflict in the region.
Timeline: Early Civilizations of the Middle East
3200 BCE –
2700 BCE –
2000 BCE –
1790 BCE –
1400 BCE –
1290 BCE –
1100 BCE –
1000 BCE –
600’s BCE –
539 BCE –
Sumerian city-states emerge.
Egypt’s Old Kingdom begins.
The East African Kingdom of Nubia
develops.
Hammurabi’s code is written.
The Hittites begin to expand into
Mesopotamia (the Iron Age soon
begins.)
The reign of Ramses II begins in
Egypt.
The Assyrians conquer an empire in
Mesopotamia.
The Kingdom of Israel is established.
Zoroastrianism develops.
Babylon falls to the Persian armies of
Cyrus the Great.
Sumer:
The First
Civilization
The Babylonians were
a Mesopotamian
civilization descended
from the Sumerians.
The most famous
Babylonian king was
Hammurabi (c. 1728 –
1686 B.C.E.) He
created the first public,
written law code and
expanded Babylonian
territory in Mesopotamia.
Hammurabi’s Code is extremely significant
because it was the first comprehensive
written law code of the ancient, or
foundations period.
Hammurabi contributed to the rise and
greatness of Babylon, the world's first
metropolis. Many relics of Hammurabi's
reign (1795-1750 B.C.E.) have been
preserved, including the law code.
The code is the earliest known example of a
ruler proclaiming publicly to his people an
entire body of laws, arranged in orderly
groups, so that all literate men could read
and know what was required of them.
The code was carved upon a black stone
monument, eight feet high, and clearly
intended to be reared in public view.
Detail of the top of the
stele, depicting Hammurabi
and Shamash.
Selections
from
Hammurabi’s
Code
Question: What kind of historical source is this?
6. If a man has stolen goods from a temple, or house, he
shall be put to death; and he that has received the stolen
property from him shall be put to death.
8. If a patrician has stolen ox, sheep, ass, pig, or goat,
whether from a temple, or a house, he shall pay
thirtyfold. If he be a plebeian, he shall return tenfold.
If the thief can not pay, he shall be put to death.
22.If a man has committed highway robbery and has been
caught, that man shall be put to death.
23.If the highwayman has not been caught, the man that has
been robbed shall state on oath what he has lost and the
city or district governor in whose territory or district
the robbery took place shall restore to him what he has
lost.
195. If a son has struck his father, his hands shall be cut off.
196. If a man has knocked out the eye of a patrician, his eye
shall be knocked out.
197. If he has broken the limb of a patrician, his limb shall be
broken.
198. If he has knocked out the eye of a plebeian or has broken
the limb of a plebeian’s servant, he shall pay one mina of
silver.
199. If he has knocked out the eye of a patrician’s servant, or
broken the limb of a patrician’s servant, he shall pay half
his value.
200. If a patrician has knocked out the tooth of a man that is
his equal, his tooth shall be knocked out.
201.If he has knocked out the tooth of a plebeian, he shall pay
one-third of a mina of silver.
229. If a builder has built a house for a man, and has
not made his work sound, and the house he built has
fallen, and caused the death of its owner, that
builder shall be put to death.
230. If it is the owner’s son that is killed, the
builder’s son shall be put to death.
231. If it is the slave of the owner that is killed, the
builder shall give slave for slave to the owner of
the house.
232. If he has caused the loss of goods, he shall
render back whatever he has destroyed.
Moreover, because he did not make sound the house
he built, and it fell, at his own cost he shall rebuild
the house that fell.
This is a beautiful photo of the partly restored ruins of
Nebuchadnezzar's Palace. This photo was taken by a soldier serving
with the United States Army during the invasion of Iraq in 2003.
The Four Early River Valley
Civilizations