Chapter 3 Section 1 The Indo-Europeans
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Transcript Chapter 3 Section 1 The Indo-Europeans
Chapter 3 Section 1
The Indo-Europeans
Indo-Europeans, Steppes, Migration,
Hittites, Anatolia, Aryans, Vedas, Brahmin,
Caste, Mahabharata
Setting the Stage
We just learned about the first civilization that arose
along river valleys
As these large cities began to decline people began to
leave
Warfare and changes to environment called for the
migration to a new land
Indo-Europeans Migrate
The Indo-Europeans were
a group of nomadic
peoples who came from
the steppes
Steppes: dry grasslands
north of the Caucasus
Primarily pastoral people
who herded cattle, sheep,
and goats
The Indo-European Language
Family
Language of Indo-Europeans
similar to modern languages of
Europe & parts of Asia
English, Spanish, Persian, and
Hindi all have roots to their
language
Slavic speakers went north
Celtic, Germanic, & Italic
speakers moved west
Greek & Persian went south
An Unexplained Migration
There is no reason for the
nomadic people to leave their
homeland
Between 1700 and 1200 B.C.
they began to move outward
Migration: movements of a
people from one region to
another
The Hittite Empire
2000 B.C. the Hittites began to
occupy Anatolia
Anatolia is located in modern-day
Turkey
City-States came together in 1650 B.C.
to form an empire
Hattusas became the capital
Dominated southwest Asia for 450
years
Had issues with both Mesopotamia &
Egypt
Hittites Adopt and Adapt
Adopted an international language
“Akkadian”
Borrowed ideas about literature, art,
politics, & law from Mesopotamia
Blended their own traditions with
those of more advanced people
What is this called?
Chariots & Iron Technology
Excelled at war
Had war chariots
1500 B.C. Hittites were able to
work with iron and integrate it
into their weapons of war
However their empire fell around
1190 B.C.
- Multiple invasions
- Tribes attacked and burned the
capital city
Aryans Transform India
2000 B.C. Aryans crossed over into
the Indus Valley of India
No archaeological record but the
Vedas
Vedas: picture of Aryan life, four
collections of prayers, magical spells,
instructions for rituals
Rig Veda contains 1028 hymns to
Aryan gods
Elder orally passed down the
information until it was written down
How accurate can oral stories be?
A Caste System Develops
Aryans vs. Dasas
Aryans were taller, lighter in
skin color, and spoke a
different language
Aryans were pastoral
people while the Dasas
lived in communities
protected by walls
A Caste System Develops
Continued
Four groups arranged based on
occupation
- Brahmins ((priests)
- Warriors
- Traders & landowners
- Peasants
Arranged social classes
Shudras were laborers who did work
Aryans would not do
Varna “skin color” set social class
A Caste System Develops
Continued
Castes: system of social
classes
Could be born into your social
class or move into that class
Determined the work you did, who
you could marry, and who you
could eat with
Obsessed with cleanliness
considered those impure
“untouchables”
Aryan Kingdoms Arise
Aryans began to expanded their
settlements
1000 B.C. one major kingdom
arose called “Magadha”
Mahabharata: great epic of India and
struggle for power
Discusses how a young warrior
should properly live, fight, and die
Chapter 3 Section 2
Hinduism & Buddhism
Develop
Reincarnation, Karma, Jainism, Siddhartha
Gautama, Enlightenment, & Nirvana
Setting the Stage
Aryans & Non-Aryans followed their own religions
As the two intermingled so did their belief system
What is this called again?
Complexity of their religions, made people questions
the world & their place in it
Also began to question the power of the priests
Hinduism Evolves Over
Centuries
Hinduism is a religious belief that
developed slowly over a long period
of time
Some aspects that people practice
today are traced back to ancient times
(Example: weddings)
Recite daily verses from the Vedas
What is the Vedas again?
Hinduism can’t be traced to one
founder
Origins
Between 750 & 550 B.C. Hindu teachers
tried to interpret the Vedic hymns
Wrote down their interpretations in the
Upanishads; include dialogues &
discussions
Moksha: state of perfect understanding of
all things
Atman: individual soul of a living being
Brahman: world soul that unties all Atman
Beliefs
See religion as a way of liberating
the soul from illusions,
disappointments, & mistakes
Reincarnation (rebirth): an
individuals soul is reborn until
moksha is achieved
Soul’s karma follows into
reincarnation
Karma influences your life
circumstances
Path to Moksha
3 paths to moksha:
- path of right thinking
- path of right action
- path of religious
devotion
Hinduism Changes &
Develops
Hinduism has been through many
changes over the past 2500 years
Example: Brahman was seen as
having the personality of three gods,
these gods lost their importance
Devi “great mother goddess” grew in
importance
Hindus choose the deity they want
to worship
Hinduism & Society
Ideas about karma & reincarnation
strengthened the caste system
Good Karma brought good fortune while
bad karma brought bad fortune
Beliefs influenced every aspect of their
life
- What you could eat
- Personal cleanliness
- How you could dress
Hindus still turn to their religion for
guidance
New Religions Arise
As the Upanishads was created
two other religions were created
(Jainism & Buddhism)
Jainism
- Founder: Mahavira born 599
B.C. 527 B.C.
- Believed everything in the
universe had a soul
- Nonviolence
- 5 Millions follower live in India
Chapter 3 Section 2
Continued
The Buddha Seeks
Enlightenment
Developed out the same religious
questioning in Hinduism
Founder: Siddhartha Gautama
Born into a noble family in Nepal
His prophecy: if stayed at home he
would be a world leader but if he left
the house he would become a
universal spirit
Family separated him from the world
Siddhartha’s Quest
At 29 years old, he left the palace four
times
- 1st time he saw an old man
- 2nd time he saw a sick man
- 3rd time he saw a corpse
- 4th time he saw a holy man who
seemed at peace with himself
(Decided to spend his life searching for
religious truth & an end to life
suffering)
Siddhartha’s Quest Continued
Spent 6 years seeking enlightenment
Tried many things to reach an
enlightened state
For 49 days he meditated under a
large fig tree, and finally understood
the cause of suffering in the world
Buddha “the enlightened one”
Origins
Preached his first sermon to people who had
accompanied him on the wanderings
Four Noble Truths
- 1st: Life is filled with suffering & sorrow
- 2nd: The cause of all suffering is people’s selfish desire
for the temporary pleasures of this world
- 3rd: The way to end all suffering is to end all desires
- 4th: The way to overcome such desires and attain
enlightenment is to follow the Eightfold path, which is
called the middle way between desires and self-denial
Beliefs
Eightfold path: “guide to behavior”
[Like a staircase; have to master one stair at
a time]
Nirvana: release from selfishness & pain
Believed in reincarnation but rejected
the caste system
They do not believe in many gods
Want to reach a state of perfect
understanding, like in Hinduism
The Religious Community
5 disciples were admitted to the
Sangha “religious community”
Originally for monks & nuns, now is for
the entire religious community
“3 Jewels” of Buddhism
- Sangha
- Buddha
- Dharma “teachings or doctrine”
Buddhism & Society
Admitted women into the
religious order
Promise to live a life of
poverty, to be nonviolent, and
to not marry
Spread Buddha’s teachings
Monastery’s created
(Nalanda became a university)
Teachings/Books
Teachings written down after
Buddha’s death
Sacred literature
- Commentaries
- Rules about monastic life
- Manuals on how to mediate
- Legends about the Buddha’s
previous reincarnations
Buddhism in India
Spread throughout Asia
Unable to gain significant
support in India
Believe that Hinduism
adapted some of the ideas of
Buddhism
(Felt no need to convert to
Buddhism)
Buddhism in India
Continued
India is still an importance place
for Buddhists
Visits places associated with
Buddha’s life
- Kapilavastu “birthplace”
- Gaya “fig tree he meditated under”
- Varanasi “first sermon”
Trade & the Spread of
Buddhism
Trade played an important
role in the spread of
Buddhism
As products spread and
people migrated to new
areas, the ideas of
Buddhism went with it
Cultural Diffusion!
Chapter 3 Section 3
Seafaring Traders
Minoan, Aegean Sea, Knossos, King Minos,
Phoenicians
Setting the Stage
Buddhism spread to Southeast Asia & East Asia
through Buddhist traders
What was this process called?
In the Mediterranean the same process will take but
with ideas and products
New ideas of writing, governing, and worshiping their
gods.
Minoans Trade in the
Mediterranean
Minoans: powerful seafaring people
who dominated trade in eastern
Mediterranean from 2000 to 1400 B.C.
Crete, a large island in the Aegean
Sea
Traded pottery, swords, & figurines
Also shared their unique architecture,
burial customs, & religious rituals (huge
influence on Greece)
Map of Mediterranean
Unearthing a Brilliant
Civilization
Knossos: Minoan capital city
Archaeologist found remains of an
advanced/thriving city
Named civilization Minoa after
King Minos
Myth of the Minotaur & Labyrinth
Unearthing a Brilliant
Civilization Cont.
Wall paintings showed their love
of nature & beautiful things
Enjoyed sports (boxing, wrestling, &
bull leaping)
Women played a role in religious
ceremonies & were equal
Mother Earth Goddess ruled over
the other gods
Sacrificed bulls & other animals
(evidence of one human sacrifice)
Minoan Culture’s Mysterious
End
Civilization ended around 1200
B.C. (unclear why it ended)
1700 B.C. a great disaster destroyed
Minoan towns & cities but they rebuilt
the city
1450 B.C. series of earthquakes
followed by a volcanic eruption and a
Tsunami, still went on to thrive for 300
years
Why do you think the Minoans didn’t
survive?
Phoenicians Spread Trade &
Civilization
Phoenicians: seafaring people
of Southwest Asia, 1100 B.C.
established colonies in the
Mediterranean
City States included Byblos,
Tyre, & Sidon
Remarkable shipbuilders &
seafarers
Greek Historian Herodotus
Phoenician Ship
Commercial Outposts around
the Mediterranean
Built colonies along the
shore of Africa, Sardinia, &
Spain (30 miles apart-length
that could be traveled in a
day)
Carthage: greatest
Phoenician colony founded in
814 B.C.
Traded goods they obtained
as well as their own goods
Phoenicia’s Great Legacy:
The Alphabet
Phonetic system of writing: one sign
stands for one sound
Word Alphabet comes from them
Introduced their writing system to
others, Greeks adopted the
Phoenician alphabet
Easier for people to learn to read &
write
Assyrians & Persian Empire took
control of their civilization
Ancient Trade Routes
Trade connected civilization
that were far apart
Travel down Arabian Sea to
Persian Gulf or Red Sea
Exchanged products,
information, goods,
religious beliefs, art, and
ways of living
What is this called again?
Chapter 3 Section 4
The Origins of Judaism
Palestine, Canaan, Torah, Abraham,
Monotheism, Covenant, Moses, Israel, Judah,
Tribute
Setting the Stage
Phoenicians lived in a region at the
eastern end of the Mediterranean
Sea that was eventually called
Palestine
Canaan was the ancient home to
the Hebrews
Their history, legends, and moral
laws were a major influence on
Western culture as well as
Christianity & Islam
The Search for a Promised
Land
Palestine’s location made it a
cultural crossroads
(connected to Asia & Africa
as two huge Empires)
Connected to Mediterranean &
Red Sea
According to the Bible,
Canaan was land promised to
the Hebrews
From Ur to Egypt
Torah: early history written in the
first 5 books of the Hebrew Bible
Abraham chosen as the “father”
of the Hebrew people
Lived in Ur in Mesopotamia around
1800 B.C. took his family/people
and moved to Canaan.
Descendants eventually moved to
Egypt
The God of Abraham
Hebrews were Monotheists
Monotheism: belief in a single god
“Yahweh” was their god, not a
physical being so no physical
images were made of him
Covenant: promise from god to
protect the Hebrews for their
promise to obey
Moses and the Exodus
Hebrews move to Egypt
due to drought and
famine
Originally treated with
honor but eventually
forced into slavery for their
beliefs
“Let My People Go”
Hebrews fled Egypt
between 1300 & 1200 B.C.
called it “the Exodus”
Remember it during
Passover
Moses led them out of
slavery
A New Covenant
Traveling along the Sinai
Peninsula, Moses stop to pray
on top of the mountain to pray
God gave Moses the Ten
Commandments
Became the civil and
religious laws of Judaism
Formed a new covenant
The Land and People of the
Bible
Wandered for 40 years
before resettling in Canaan
Organized into 12 tribes
Judges would be chosen to
provide Judicial and Military
leadership during a crisis
Hebrew Law
Women duty was to raise her
children and provide moral
leadership
Rules that regulated social &
religious behaviors
Code interpreted by prophets
Duty to worship God and live
justly with one another
The Kingdom of Israel
Canaan was a hard place to
live (arid desert, rocky
wilderness, grassy hills, dry,
hot, & had little water)
Expanded north and south
Saul and David Establish a
Kingdom
Interacted with Philistines
another group in the area that
threatened their position in the
land
Judah was the only large tribe
left (term Judaism)
1020 to 922 B.C. Hebrews
united under 3 kings: Saul,
David, & Solomon
Kingdom called Israel
Saul and David Establish a
Kingdom Continued
Saul first king chosen for driving
out the Philistines
Seen as a jealous man, portrayed
a “tragic man”
Son-in-law; David took over
Very popular leader, establish
Jerusalem, & founded a
dynasty
Solomon Builds the Kingdom
962 B.C. Solomon, David’s son,
took the thrown
Powerful Hebrew king, built a
trade empire with the
Phoenicians
Beautified Jerusalem, built a
great temple in honor of God
Also built a royal palace
The Kingdom Divides
Solomon’s building required high
taxes and strained the finances
Forced labor caused discontent
Northern Jews revolted & in 922
B.C. divided the kingdom in two
Israel was in the north, Judah
was in the south
Confusing relationship
The Babylonian Captivity
738 B.C. both kingdoms
began paying tribute “peace
money” to Assyria
725 B.C. Assyrians attacked
722 B.C. conquered
kingdom of Israel
The Babylonian Captivity
Continued
Judah held out but was eventually
conquered by Babylonians
King Nebuchadnezzar attacked
and the Jerusalem fell in 586
B.C.
Exile in Babylon, Ezekiel urged
them to keep their religion alive
Persian King Cyrus the Great
allowed them to return in 539 B.C.