Transcript Chapter 1 Introduction to Electronics

Taaruf
•
•
•
•
Nor Farahidah Za’bah
Room number : E2-2-13.12
Phone number : 03-6196 4562
Email address :
 [email protected]
 [email protected]
• Website: http://staff.iium.edu.my/adah510
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ECE 1312
© Electronics
ECE 1312
© Electronics
ECE 1312
My rules
• Be punctual!
• Silent your handphone while in class
• Wear proper attire as to the University’s
dress code
• Attendance is COMPULSORY
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ECE 1312
Course Assessment
Method
Mid-term
Test
Final
Examination
Quizzes and
Assignments
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%
25
50
25
ECE 1312
Weeks
Topics
1
Introduction to Electronics:
Brief History, Signals, Frequency
Spectrum of Signals, Analog and Digital
Signals, Amplifiers
Semiconductor Materials and Diodes:
Semiconductor Materials and
Properties, The PN
Junction, Diode Circuits: DC Analysis and
Models,
Diode Circuits: AC Equivalent Circuit,
Other Diode
Types.
Diode Circuits:
Rectifier Circuits, Zener Diode Circuits,
Clipper and Clamper Circuits, MultipleDiode Circuits.
2,3
4,5
Learning
Hours
Task/Reading
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
MID TERM 18th OCTOBER 2014
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ECE 1312
Weeks
Topics
Learning
Hours
Task/Reading
6,7
The Bipolar Junction Transistor:
Transistor Structures, CurrentVoltage Characteristics, Load Line
and Modes of Operation, Voltage
Transfer Characteristics, Basic
Transistor Applications, Bipolar
Transistor Biasing
Chapter 4
8,9
Basic BJT Amplifiers:
Small-Signal Operation and Models,
Single-Stage BJT Amplifiers:
Common Emitter Amplifier,
Common Collector Amplifier,
Common-Base Amplifier
Chapter 5
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Weeks
Topics
10,11
The Field Effect Transistor:
Device Structure, Current-Voltage
Characteristics, MOSFET Circuits at
DC, DC Circuit Analyses of MOSFET,
n-channel Enhancement for MOSFET
as Load Device, Constant Current
Biasing, Basic Applications of
MOSFET.
12
Basic FET Amplifiers:
Basics of FET Modeling, CommonSource Amplifier, Common Drain
Amplifier, Common-Gate Amplifier
Ideal Operational Amplifier and OpAmp Circuits:
13, 14 Ideal Op-Amp, Inverting Amplifier,
Summing Amplifier, Non-inverting
Amplifier, Op-Amp Applications
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Learning Task/Reading
Hours
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
ECE 1312
Text Book
Motakabber, S. M. A, Ibrahimy, M. I., Nordin, Anis, (2012),
Fundamentals of Microelectronic Circuits, Pearson.
Recommended references supporting the course
Neamen D.A., (2007), Microelectronics Circuit Analysis and Design,
McGraw Hill.
Sedra S.A., (2009), Microelectronic Circuits, Oxford
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EVALUATION
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ECE 1312
Fill up the following blanks:
Volt
0.001
• The unit of EMF of a battery is---------------and 1 mV = -------------Volt
Watt
Joule
• The unit of power is----------------and the unit of energy is--------------Farad
• The unit of capacitance is--------------------
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ECE 1312
Node Voltages
VA
What is VA – VB ?
What about VB – VA ?
VB
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What is the value of VB if
VA = 10 V ?
4V
-4V
6V
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Branch Current Equation
A
2
I
(VA – VB) / 2 = I
B
C
2
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Branch Current Equation is
based on Ohm’s Law
= 4/2 = 2 A
I
D
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Kirchhoff Current Law
Kirchhoff Voltage Law
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What will be the polarity of the voltage across
the resistor if the current direction is as
follows:
I
+
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VR -
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• Which branch has the
bigger current?
The 4  branch
4
10
• If the voltage across the
10 is 5V, what is the
voltage across the 4?
5V
• What is the total
resistance?
2.86 
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Chapter 1
Introduction to
Electronics
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PN Junction - Diode
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Bipolar Junction Transistor: BJT
Collector
Emitter
Base
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Field Effect Transistor: FET
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Passive and Active Components
Passive Components:
Do no require power supply for its operation or the device which electrical
characteristics does not depend on the power supply
Examples: Resistor, capacitor, inductor
Active components:
Do require power supply for its operation or the device which electrical
characteristics depend on the power supply
Examples: Transistors such as BJT and FET
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Electronic Circuits
• An electronic circuit generally contains both the passive and active components.
Therefore a dc power supply is essential for the operation of its active
components. An electronic processing or amplifier devices also need different
power source than its dc operating power source called input signal.
• This input signal characteristics and power can be modified by the electronic
circuit with the presence of its dc operating power supply. The processed input
signal which is obtained from the electronic circuit is called output signal.
Block diagram of an electronic circuit (Amplifier)
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Analog and Digital Signals
An electrical signal is a time varying voltage or current which bears the information by
altering the characteristics of the voltage or current. In an analog signal the
characteristics of the voltage or current which represents the information can be any
value.
Analog signal
Digital signal must have discrete value, it is said quantization. In a digital signal the
characteristics of the voltage or current which represents the information has only two
values and sometimes it is called binary signal.
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Digital signal
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Representation of Signal
A sinusoidal voltage when it is superimposed on a DC voltage can be represented as
Sinusoidal voltage superimposed on dc voltage VBEQ
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Amplifier Characteristics
An equivalent circuit of a voltage amplifier is shown in bellow. This amplifier is mainly
used to amplify the voltage. The input parallel resistance of the amplifier is very large
and the output series resistance is very low, these characteristics are essential for a
voltage amplifier. The voltage gain of the amplifier is defined as the ratio between
output voltage and input voltage, mathematically
The gain of a voltage amplifier is unit less.
Equivalent circuit of a voltage amplifier
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Example 2: A load resistance of 475Ω is connected with the output of a voltage
amplifier as shown in Fig. The output voltage across the load resistance is 10.5V when
the amplifier input is 150mV. Determine the open circuit voltage gain of the amplifier.
Assume that the output resistance of the amplifier is 25Ω.
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1. Must calculate vi
2. Calculate the open circuit voltage, Av vi
3. Then use KVL to find out the voltage across RL
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Answer: 1.6V
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Ex. 1: The open circuit voltage of a voltage amplifier is 7.5V when its input is
connected to a signal source. Assume that the signal source voltage is 3.0V and its
resistance is 1.5kΩ respectively. If the input resistance of the amplifier is 5kΩ, what
would be the voltage gain of the amplifier.
RS = 1.5kΩ
vS = 3V
Ri =
5kΩ
vo = 7.5 V
1. Must calculate vi
2. We know that the open circuit voltage, Av vi = 7.5 V
3. Calculate AV
Answer: 3.25
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Ex. 2: The open circuit voltage of a voltage amplifier is 12.5V when its input is
connected to a signal source. Assume that the signal source voltage is 2.5 V and
its resistance is 2.0kΩ respectively. If the input and output resistance of the
amplifier is 5kΩ and 50Ω respectively. The amplifier output is connected to drive
a load resistance 500Ω, determine the output voltage across the load resistance.
R0 = 50 Ω
RS = 2.0kΩ
vS = 2.5 V
Ri =
5kΩ
RL = 500 Ω
= 12.5 V
1. We know that the open circuit voltage, Av vi = 12.5 V
2. Use KVL or voltage divider to calculate output across the load.
Answer: 11.36 V
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Amplifier Characteristics Cont.
An equivalent circuit of a current amplifier is shown in bellow. This amplifier is mainly
used to amplify the current. The input parallel resistance of the amplifier is very low and
the output parallel resistance is very large, these characteristics are essential for a
current amplifier. The current gain of the amplifier is defined as the ratio between
output current and input current, mathematically
The gain of a current amplifier is unit less.
Equivalent circuit of a current amplifier
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Example 1:
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Example 3:
The input current, ii is 0.5 mA
RO = 2.5
k
RL = 450 Ω
1. Calculate the value of the short circuit current, Ai ii
2. Use current divider to calculate io
3. Use Ohm’s Law to find output voltage.
Answer: 5.72 V
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Example 2:
RO = 4.7 k
1. io = vo / RO = vo / 4.7
2. ii = vi / Ri = vi / 5
3. So, current gain = io / ii = vo
5
4.7
vi
4. What is vo/vi ? That is the voltage gain, 160.5
5. Replace in step 3 to calculate current gain
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Answer: 170.74
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Amplifier Characteristics Cont.
An equivalent circuit of a transconductance amplifier is shown bellow. This amplifier
input parallel resistance is very large and the output parallel resistance is also very
large, these characteristics are essential for a transconductance amplifier. The gain of
the amplifier is defined as the ratio between output current and input voltage,
mathematically.
The unit of the transconductance amplifier gain is A/V or Siemens.
Equivalent circuit of a transconductance amplifier
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Amplifier Characteristics Cont.
An equivalent circuit of a transresistance amplifier is shown in bellow. This amplifier
input parallel resistance is very low and the output series resistance is also very low,
these characteristics are essential for a transconductance amplifier. The gain of the
amplifier is defined as the ratio between output voltage and input current,
mathematically
The unit of the transresistance amplifier gain is V/A or Ohm.
Equivalent circuit of a transresistance amplifier
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Signal Source or Generator
A voltage source is modeled by a voltage generator with a series resistance called
source resistance as shown in bellow. For an ideal voltage source the series resistance
is 0. A voltage source can be replaced by an equivalent current source using Norton
theorem.
Voltage source
Similarly, a current source is modeled by a current generator with a parallel resistance
called source resistance as shown in bellow. For an ideal current source the parallel
resistance is infinite. A current source can be replaced by an equivalent voltage
source using Thevenin theorem.
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Current source
ECE 1312