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Physics 327: Instructor: Office: Phone: e-mail Office Hour: Modern Instrumentation Prof. Weida Wu Serin 117W 848-445-8751 [email protected] arrange by email Lab TA: Paul Sass ([email protected]) Textbook: “An Introduction to Modern Electronics”, by William L. Faissler, Wiley, 1st edition (March 5, 1991) Web Site for Course: http://www.physics.rutgers.edu/ugrad/327/ Lecture and Lab sessions Lecture (Wu): Wednesday (6:40-8:00 PM) SEC 208 Lab Sect. 3 (Sass): Monday (6:40pm-9:30pm) Serin 101 Lab Sect. 1 (Sass): Tuesday (10:20am-1:20pm) Serin 101 Lab Sect. 2 (Wu): Tuesday (3:20pm-6:20pm ) Serin 101 Lab Sect. 4 (Sass): Thursday (6:40pm-9:30pm) Serin 101 Nominally 2 peoples per group unless otherwise instructed. Course Goal The goal of this class is to learn a number of basic electronic components and their analysis, so that you can understand and build circuits that are useful in physics experiments. Lab Preparation The lab instructions are available at the course home page. You are expected to read and understand these instructions before coming to the lab. In addition, you are expected to read and understand the suggested chapters of the textbook prior to the lab. Course syllabus Lab # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Topic DC Voltage divider (1 week lab) Read Chapters 2-6 15-16 Suggested Problems 4.10-4.12 5.1 6.6 7-9 12 17 51 53 7.1 7.4 8.5 9.1 12.2 RLC Resonance (1 week lab) 8-12 12.1, 11.2 12.6 Diode and Transistor (1 week lab) Operational Amplifier (2 week lab) Difference and Instrumentation Amplifiers (2 week lab) 40-45 28-31 44.1-44.3 29.3-29.6 29 31 32 31.3 31.4 Digital Basics: Timers, Counters (2 week lab) 19 21-24 21.1 23.4 DAC, ADC (2 week lab) LabView, GPIB (1 week lab) 34-36, 54 AC, Capacitance, Impedance (1 week lab) No lecture on March 4 11 lectures, 9 labs (reports), 6-8 quizzes Quizzes (6-8): • Short quizzes will be given occasionally during lectures through the semester. Topics in the quizzes are lecture and lab contents, reading assignments, and homework. • Make-up quizzes will not be offered unless you have a documented medical reason for missing the quiz. • The lowest quiz grade will be dropped. Grading: The course grade will be based mostly on the lab reports (~90%), with the remainder determined by lab preparation and participation, quiz scores and lecture attendance. (~10%) Grade cutoffs (tentative) A B+ B C+ C D F 90 85 80 72 65 55 <55 Lab Reports • Maximum score for each lab is 100. • Lab reports are due one week after. • Late reports will be accepted up to one week after the due date, but will be penalized by a 50% grade reduction. • The report must be typed; the graphs are to be generated using OriginLab© (highly preferred). Drawings and circuit diagrams should be neatly drawn and labeled. • Include the name(s) of your lab partner(s). • The grades of lab reports also include lab preparation and participation. Late attendance of labs (>30 minutes) will be penalized by a 20% of grade reduction. • No “carbon copies” of the reports will be accepted. Do not write a “report” if you have not actually done the lab. • The report must be brief, yet fairly self-sufficient. • Please make sure you answer all the questions in lab instructions in your report. Lab report • Introduction – Clearly state the objective(s), and a short explanation of the theoretically background, if appropriate. To avoid redundancy, do not copy the entire lab description in your report. • Method – Must include brief description of the equipment used and the experimental procedures followed. Also include accurate neatly-drawn circuit diagrams. – Do not include your results in this section. • Results and discussion – Tables and figures (with proper labels and units) – Connect the results back to the theory – Often, the obtained data are somewhat different from what was expected. In this case, you should try to understand why and justify. • Conclusion – Discuss if the goal(s) set forth were met. Important concepts: current and voltage R Current (I): flow of positive charges. Q I t Unit: Coulomb/sec Meter: A I V in series Note: In solid conductors (e.g. metals), current is mainly carried by electrons (negative charges). Voltage (V): work per unit charge (potential diff.) W V q Unit: Joule/Coulomb Meter: V in parallel Simplest I-V: Ohm’s law R I I V Ohmic (linear) behavior: V V I Ohm’s law: V RI R: Resistance of the resistor. Non-ohmic I-V characteristic deviate from this linear behavior. Example: diodes. Kirchhoff’s circuit laws • Kirchhoff’s current law (charge conservation) I i 0 or vertex I in Iout • Kirchhoff’s voltage law (energy conservation) V i loop 0 Equivalent circuits Resistors in series V R1 I R2 I R1 R2 I Req I Req R1 R2 Resistors in parallel in general, Req Ri i V1 V2 V V V V 1 1 1 I I1 I 2 Req R1 R2 Req R1 R2 in general, Req1 Ri1 i Thevenin’s theorem (pg. 45) Any complex network of linear circuit elements (sources, resistors and impedances) having 2 terminals can be replaced by a single equivalent voltage source* connected in series with a single resistor (or output impedance). Rth Vth Rth is also called output impedance of the equivalent circuit. *Similar (Norton’s theorem) statement is true for equivalent current source. Lab 1: DC Voltage divider Vout R2 Vin R1 R2 Non-ohmic I-V A Rth RL Vth Rout Rth dVout dI out Comment electronic components LED resistors Breadboard Electric connection of breadboard Electronic instruments Function generator Digital Multimeter Oscilloscope Resistor Color Code Bands Metric prefix Text Symbol Factor tera T 1012 giga G 109 mega M 106 kilo k 103 milli m 10-3 micro μ 10-6 nano n 10-9 pico p 10-12