Transcript Parts of Speech PowerPoint File

The Eight Parts of
Speech
Nouns
• Nouns = names
• 3 clue words: a, an, the
Additional Clues: a preposition
• Nouns name:
-or- an adjective
–
–
–
–
People
Places
Things
Ideas
Common Noun Suffixes:
-ion/-tion
-ship
-ment
-ness
-ance
Nouns
• Common –or- Proper
– Common: something very general (think usual)
– Proper: something very specific (remember to capitalize!!!!)
Examples:
Common:
girl
dvd
dog
Proper:
Susan
The Matrix
Fido
Nouns
• Singular –or- Plural
– Singular: one
– Plural: more than one (usually there is an –s)
Examples:
Singular:
boy
chair
mouse
Plural:
boys
chairs
*mice
*mice is an irregular plural,
the whole form changes
(you don’t just add an –s)
Nouns
• Collective: names a group or collection
–
–
–
–
gaggle (of geese)
flock (of sheep)
school (of fish)
team (of players)
Remember – a collective noun is NOT plural
Pronouns
• The most important word in the
definition of pronoun is:
– REPLACE.
• Pronouns are used to replace:
– a noun or more than one noun.
Pronouns
• The ANTECEDENT is the word that a
pronoun stands for or refers to.
• You cannot have a pronoun unless you
have an ANTECEDENT.
Pronouns
Personal
Pronouns
First Person
Singular
Plural
Subject
Object
Subject
Object
I
me
we
us
Second Person
you
you
you
you
Third Person
he,
she,
it
him,
her,
it
they
them
These are the most common and most important pronouns to know!
Memorize this chart!!!!!
Pronouns
• Reflexive and Intensive
Pronouns refer back to
the subject or
emphasize the noun or
another pronoun
-First Person:
myself,
ourselves
- Second Person:
yourself,
yourselves
-Third Person:
himself,
herself, itself,
Pronouns
• Interrogative pronouns introduce a
question
– who
– whom
– what
– which
– whose
Pronouns
• Demonstrative pronouns point out a
person, place, thing, or idea.
– This
– That
- These (something close by)
- Those (something farther away)
• BE CAREFUL!
(We can also be adjectives!)
*You cannot use here or there after a demonstrative pronoun!*
Pronouns
• Indefinite pronouns do
not refer to a specific
person, place, thing, or
idea.
• BE CAREFUL!
(We can also be adjectives!)
all much
any nobody
anyone none
both no one
either one
everything other
few several
more some
Pronouns
• Ok, there is some confusion.
Sometimes demonstrative and
indefinite PRONOUNS can also be
ADJECTIVES.
• You need to ask yourself:
– Is it standing alone? (No noun after it)
– Is it with a partner? (With a noun after it)
If there is not a noun
after the word in
question, it is a
pronoun.
Pronouns
• If you answered: Yes, it is standing
alone, then the word in question is a
PRONOUN.
• If you answered: Yes, it is has a partner
(a noun), then the word in question is
an ADJECTIVE
If there is a noun after the word in
question, the word in question is describing
the noun and therefore is an adjective.
Pronouns
• Let’s compare:
– These are great.
– These oranges are great.
- All are expected to attend.
- All students are expected to attend.
Pronouns
• Confusing Homophones: BE CAREFUL!
– There = (adverb) a place
– Their = a possessive adjective
– They’re = they + are
»
Pronoun + verb
– Your = possessive adjective
– You’re = you + are
» Pronoun + verb
– Its = possessive adjective
– It’s = it + is
» Pronoun + verb
Adjectives
• Adjectives modify or describe nouns or
pronouns.
• Adjectives answer three questions:
– Which one/ones?
– What kind?
– How much/many?
Adjectives
• Articles:
–A
– An
– The
• These words are ALWAYS adjectives
• They are also your ‘clue’ words that a
noun will be appearing in the sentence
Adjectives
• Proper Adjectives: are adjectives
formed from Proper Nouns
• They are always CAPITALIZED!
• Examples:
– French toast
– American flag
Adjectives
• Demonstrative Adjectives: point out a
particular noun. (Remember the difference
between a demonstrative pronoun and a
demonstrative adjective.)
– This & these = something close by
– That & those = something far away
Adjectives
• Indefinite
Adjectives:
describe or modify
something that is
not specific (Remember
the difference between a
demonstrative pronoun and a
demonstrative adjective.)
all much
any nobody
anyone none
both no one
either one
everything other
few several
more some
Adjectives
• Possessive nouns and Possessive
pronouns are actually adjectives! They
are answering the question: Which
one?
Possessive
• Possessive nouns:
Pronouns:
– Mrs. Lamb’s class
– Devon’s book
my, mine, our, ours,
your, yours,
his, her, hers, its,
their, theirs
Adjectives
• Predicate Adjectives: follow a linking
verb and describe the subject of the
sentence.
• Example:
– Mammoths were once abundant.
• Abundant mammoths
Hint: This is the only time that the arrow will point to the left!
Adjectives
• Linking verbs:
(to help you find predicate adjectives!)
am, is, are
look, appear,
was, were
smell, taste,
be, being, been,
sound, feel,
seem,
become,
grow,
remain
Adjectives
• Descriptive Adjectives: help to
describe the noun or pronoun. These
adjectives should help the writer “Paint
a VIVID Picture” for the reader.
• These are the most common
adjectives!
• Examples:
– Blue shirt
– Hungry hippo
– Clear sky
Adjectives
• Start a list of Descriptive Adjectives:
B
A
G
S
(Beauty)
gorgeous
hideous
(Age)
ancient
juvenile
(Goodness)
horrid
spectacular
(Size)
microscopic
enormous
Prepositions
• A preposition is a word that shows
the relationship between a noun or a
pronoun and another word in the
sentence.
Prepositions
• A preposition is ALWAYS followed by
at least one noun or pronoun
• The noun or pronoun that follows the
preposition is called:
– The OBJECT of the PREPOSITION
– Example:
• in the dark house
Prepositions
• The preposition, its object, and the
object’s modifiers make a:
– Prepositional Phrase
• in the dark house
Prepositions
• BE CAREFUL!
– If the preposition to does not have a
noun or pronoun after it and it has an
action word after it, it is a verb!
– If there is not a noun or pronoun after a
preposition, it is an adverb!
Prepositions
Words often used as Prepositions:
aboard
before
down
of
to
above
below
during
off
toward
across beneath
except
on
under
after
beside
for
onto underneath
against between
from
out
until
along
beyond
in
outside
up
among
but (as
inside
over
upon
around except)
into
past
with
as
by
near
through
within
at concerning next to throughout without
Verbs
• There are three types of verbs:
– Action
– Linking (state of being)
– Helping (auxiliary)
Verbs
• Action Verbs: express a physical or mental
action (it can be done! Think of an actor)
– Examples:
• Jump
• Think
• Sit
Verbs
• Linking Verbs express a state of being
• They connect the subject of the sentence to a
description (adjective) in the predicate.
• There is NO action.
• They “link” the subject to the predicate
Verbs
am
is
are
was
were
be
being
been
Verbs
13
9
12
10
11
seem
14
become
grow
remain
9. look 11. smell
13. sound
10. appear 12. taste
14. feel
Verbs
• Helping verbs “help” to form some of the
tenses and the voice of the main verb.
Shall
Should
Must
Can
Has
Be
Are
Will
Would
Might
Do
Have
Am
Was
Could
May
Did
Had
Is
Were
Verbs
• When a verb needs a “helper” a verb phrase
is formed.
• A verb phrase contains one MAIN verb
and one or more HELPING verbs.
Verb Phrases can be
‘interrupted’
Hint: When looking for verb phrases, be
sure to look for the ‘hiding helpers’!
Verbs
• BEWARE! The DANGEROUS ADVERB!
– NOT (or your favorite form: N’T)
• DON’T BE TRICKED! NOT IS NEVER,
EVER PART OF A VERB PHRASE; IT IS
ALWAYS AN ADVERB, EVEN WHEN
IT IS PART OF A CONTRACTION!
Adverbs
• Adverbs modify: • Adverbs answer:
– Verbs
– Where?
– Adjectives
– When?
– Other adverbs – How?
– How often?
– To what extent?
Adverbs
• Most adverbs end • Examples:
in –ly
– Daily:
– The daily newspaper
• But you have to be
is on my desk.
careful: not all –ly
– We walk daily.
words are adverbs
– Lonely:
or they can also be
– He acted lonely.
adjectives
– The lonely child sat
(depending on how
by himself.
they are used)
Adverbs
• Words often used as adverbs are
listed on your study guide
• Don’t forget that your –ly words are
also adverbs
• The Dangerous adverb = NOT
Adverbs
• Adverbs can be found ANYWHERE in
the sentence, unlike adjectives which
are usually close to the word they are
modifying
• Other common adverbs:
– Tomorrow
– Very
– Often
Adjective/Adverb
Comparison
• There are three forms of adjectives &
adverbs:
– Positive: does not compare/normal form
– Comparative: compares two (only two) {add
–er or use more/less}
– Superlative: compares three or more {add –
est or use most/least}
Adjective/Adverb
Comparison
• When do I use –er /-est OR
more/most/less/least?
– A one syllable words = -er/-est
– Two syllable words = either -er/-est OR
more/most/less/least
– Three or more syllable words =
more/most/less/least
Double Negatives
• This is a BIG, BIG NO NO in English!!!!
• You have to watch when you use the words:
– not, never, no
• Tricky words to avoid when using a negative
word in a sentence:
– Barely, hardly, scarcely
Double Negatives
• Double Negative sentence:
– People, they ain’t no good.
• APPROPRIATE Sentence:
– People, they are not any good
-OR– People, they are no good.
Conjunctions
• A conjunction connects • Coordinating Conjunctions:
– And
or joins groups of words
– Or
together
– But
• Types of Conjunctions:
– Coordinating
– Correlative
– Subordinating
– Nor
– Yet
– SO
– For
Conjunctions
• Correlative Conjunctions: • Subordinating
Conjunctions:
• both … and
– Connect an independent
• either … or
clause (a part of a longer
• neither … nor
sentence that could be its
own sentence)
• whether … or
– They are listed on your
• not only … but also
study guide for you
Interjections
•An interjection is a word that expresses a strong
emotion or surprise
•Interjections are easily identified because they
are followed by an exclamation point or comma
•Examples: Wow! Oh! Really?!
Nouns
• Concrete –or- Abstract
– Concrete: it can be touched or seen (think of concrete!)
– Abstract: an idea or thought (it cannot be touched or seen)
Examples:
Concrete:
cloud
desk
book
Abstract:
love
democracy
friendship