Transcript she said.
Intermediate level When do we use it? REPORTED SPEECH is used to tell what someone said. However, we do not repeat all the words exactly. REAL WORDS (direct speech): Tom said: “We are going to the cinema this afternoon.” REPORTED SPEECH: Tom said that they were going to the cinema that afternoon. Changes Types of changes: 1. Verb Tenses 2. Time and place adverbial expressions 3. Logical change of pronouns EXAMPLE DIRECT: Mary said: “They are seeing me tomorrow” REPORTED: Mary said that they were seeing her the following day Verb tenses DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH PRESENT We study We are studying PAST We studied We were studying FUTURE We will study • PAST • She said that they studied • She said that they were studying • PAST PERFECT • She said that they had studied • She said that they had been studying • CONDITIONAL • She said that they would study List of verb changes TENSE DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH PRESENT SIMPLE I play tennis with my friends She said that she played tennis with her friends PRESENT CONTINUOUS I am playing tennis with my friends She said that she was playing tennis with her friends PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE I have played tennis with my friends She said that she had played tennis with her friends PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS I have been playing tennis with my friends She said that she had been playing tennis with her friends I played tennis with my friends She said that she had played tennis with her friends I were playing tennis with my friends She said that she had been playing tennis with her friends PAST PERFECT SIMPLE I had played tennis with my friends She said that she had played tennis with her friends PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS I had been playing tennis with my friends She said that she had been playing tennis with her friends FUTURE SIMPLE I will play tennis with my friends She said that they would play tennis with her friends PAST SIMPLE PAST CONTINUOUS Changes in modal verbs DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH CAN COULD MAY MIGHT MUST / HAVE TO MUST / HAD TO WILL WOULD Time and place adverbs changes DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH Now Then Today That day Tonight That night Yesterday The previous day / the day before Last week The previous week / the week before An hour ago The previous hour / an hour before/earlier Tomorrow The following day / the day after / the next day Next ___________ The following ________ / the _______ after Here There This These That Those Changes of pronouns In reported speech, we usually need to change the pronouns (e.g. I, you, me, this, these, etc.) and possessive adjectives (e.g. my, your, etc.). We usually change the pronouns from : 1st person (I, me) 2nd person (you, your) 3rd person (we, us) However, we do not need to change the 1st person pronoun I when the speaker is reporting his/her own words. Reported statements Pay attention to the changes mentioned before. That can be omitted with TELL and SAY: She told him that he was a fool. She told him he was a fool. She said that I was right She said I was right Remember not to use inverted commas. Notice that when you use TELL, you must mention “the person you’re speaking to”, but not with SAY. John said: “Ann, I’m very happy.” John told Ann that he was very happy. Reported questions In REPORTED QUESTIONS we do not have a question structure, now we have a “statement”. Suject + verb + complements Paul asked: “Are you coming to the party tonight, Jane?” Paul asked Jane if she was coming to the party that night. Types of questions: 1. YES/NO QUESTIONS: IF / WHETHER + SUJECT + VERB + COMPLEMENTS Paul asked : "Do you play volleyball?" Paul asked me whether (or if) I played volleyball. 2. WH- QUESTION : WH- + SUJECT + VERB + COMPLEMENTS John asked: "When do you play badminton?" John asked me when I played badminton. Reported commands Basic introductory verb: TELL The IMPERATIVE verbal form turns into TO + INFINITIVE (Affirmative) NOT + TO + INFINITIVE (Negative) Examples: “Come here” He told me He told me to go there Father: "Do your homework!“ My father told me to do my homework. Teacher: "Don't talk to your mate!" The teacher told me not to talk to my mate. Don’t eat too much sweet. The dentist asked Joe not to eat too much sweet. not + to-infinitive Other verbs used in Imperative ORDER (ordenar) “Get out of the car!”, said the policeman. The policeman ordered him to get out of the car. ASK (Pedir) “Could you please be quiet?”, she said. She asked me to be quiet. OFFER (Ofrecer) “Can I help you?”, she said. She offered to help me. WARN (advertir) The man with the gun said to us, “Don't move!” The man with the gun warned us not to move. We can also use: INVITE (Invitar), BEG (Suplicar), FORBID (Prohibir) REMIND (Recordar) ADVISE (Aconsejar) Can you tell me how to read the word, John? The girl asked John to tell her how to read the word. Notice: reporting verb + object + to-infinitive The change of pronouns Amy, I think you should do your homework. Mother advised Amy to do her homework. Suggestions We use a that-clause introduced by “suggest”. 'That' y 'should' are optional in these cases: She said: "Why don't you get a mechanic to look at the car?" She suggested that I should get a mechanic to look at the car. She suggested I get a mechanic to look at the car. Other verbs we can use: Insist "It’d be a good idea to see the dentist", said my mother. My mother insisted that I see the dentist Recommend The dentist said, "I think you should use a different toothbrush". The dentist recommended that I should use a different toothbrush. Suggestions Notes: Suggest can be followed by V-ing when another subject is not mentioned: I suggested postponing the visit to the dentist. The verbal tense in the second sentences is infinitive. “It'd be a good idea for her to be there with him”, said my father. My father suggested she be there with him. Hope, intention, promise In these cases we would use a “reporting verb” related to the meaning, followed by that-clause o to-infinitive: "I'll pay you the money tomorrow.“ He promised to pay me the money the next day. He promised that he would pay me the money the next day. Other verbs that follow this structure: Hope (Tener esperanza) "We should arrive in London before nightfall.“ They hoped to arrive in London before nightfall. They hoped they would arrive in London before nightfall. Threaten (Amenazar) "Give me the keys to the safe or I'll shoot you!” He threatened to shoot me if I didn't give him the keys to the safe. He threatened that he would shoot me if I didn't give him the keys to the safe. Swear (Jurar) "I swear it! I'll be back by lunchtime.” He sweared to be back by lunchtime. He sweared that he would be back by lunchtime. I’ll work harder He promised to work harder. Suggestions IF / WHETHER + sentence ASK REMEMBER SAY THAT + sentence ANSWER BOAST COMPLAIN DENY REPLY SAY SUGGEST TELL WARN THAT + sentence or infinitive THAT+ sentence or should CLAIM PROMISE THREATEN ADVISE BEG DEMAND RECOMMEND SUGGEST Object + infinitive ADVISE ASK BEG INVITE ORDER SHOUT WARN What did Joan promise? Joan promised to work out the problem in two minutes. I’ll work out the problem in two minutes. Andrew is working. He said Andrew was working. I’ll sign the contract. What did the man agree? He agreed to sign the contract. When did you start working, Tom? She asked Tom when he had started working. Let me teach you. What did Jackie say? Jacky offered to teach the children / them. My money had run out. He said his money had run out. What did the doctor say? The doctor asked David to pass him the bandage. Please, pass me the bandage, David. Has the taxi arrived yet? She asked if the taxi had already arrived. What did the doctor advise Mr Chan? The doctor advised Mr Chan not to smoke again. Mr Chan, you shouldn’t smoke again. Susan, I’ve already fixed the shelves. He told Susan he had already fixed the shelves. What did Susan say? She asked Tim to get her down. Tim, don’t shoot the balloons. She asked Tim not to shoot the balloons. She asked Tim to get her down and not to shoot the balloons. Please get me down, Tim He said his brother would travel to Paris the following day. My brother will travel to Paris tomorrow. Don’t move. Don’t be afraid. What did the vet say? He asked the dog not to be afraid. He asked the dog not to move He asked the dog not to be afraid and move. Intermediate level © Aennar, 2015