Transcript LAN 401 Beginning Greek I

LAN 401 BEGINNING
GREEK I
Class IX: Present Middle/Passive Ind. and
Future Active/Middle Ind.
Present Middle and Passive Indicative
1.1 Introduction to Voice

There are two voices in English
 Active
– subject performs the action
 Peter
 Passive
 The
sees the messenger
- subject is being acted upon
messenger is being seen by Peter
Present Middle and Passive Indicative
1.2 Voice in Greek
 Greek has three voices
 Active
 Passive
 Middle
 Active
- subject performs the action
ὁ Πέτρος
[The] Peter
βλέπει τὸν ἄγγελον
sees
the
angel/messenger
Present Middle and Passive Indicative
 Passive
- subject is being acted upon by an agent
ἄγγελος βλέπεται
Angel is being seen by
 Middle
ὁ
The
ὑπὸ τοῦ Πετροῦ
[the] Peter
- subject participates in the action
ἄγγελος
angel
βλέπεται
sees himself
Present Middle and Passive Indicative

Greek passive and middle voice (pr. ind.)
 Same
form
 Use context to determine translation

To form middle and passive forms:
Present stem+ connecting vowel + Mid/Pass. ending
λυ- ο- μαι = λύομαι
I am loosing myself (Mid.)/ I am being loosed
Present Middle and Passive Indicative
Pr. Mid.
Sing.
Pl.
λύομαι
I am loosing
myself
λύομεθα
We are loosing
ourselves
λύῃ
You are
loosing
yourself
λύεσθε
You are
loosing
yourselves
He is
loosing
himself
λύονται
They are
loosing
themselves
[λυ+ε+σαι >
λυεαι > λυηι >
λύῃ]
λύεται
Infinitive
λύεσθαι
To be
loosing
oneself
Present Middle and Passive Indicative
Pr. Pass.
Sing.
Pl.
λύομαι
I am being
loosed
λύομεθα
We are being
loosed
λύῃ
You are
being loosed
λύεσθε
You are being
loosed
λύεται
He is being
loosed
λύονται
They are being
loosed
Infinitive
λύεσθαι
To be loosed
Present Middle and Passive Indicative
2.1 Function of the middle voice
 Several shades of meaning – the basic ones are:
(a) Direct Middle
 The
reflexive use – nearest to basic idea
ὁ ἄνθρωπος ἐγείρεται
The
man
raises himself up
Present Middle and Passive Indicative

The reciprocal use – a plural subject engages in an interchange
of action
οἱ ἄνθτρωποι
The
men
διδάσκονται
are teaching one another
(b) Indirect Middle

Subject is acting with reference to itself OR on behalf of itself
λαμβάνεται
δῶρα
She is taking for herself gifts
Present Middle and Passive Indicative
(c) Intensive Middle
 The
stress is on the agent producing the action - use “self”
διδάσκεται
τὴν ἀλήθειαν
He himself is teaching
(Nobody else is teaching)
the
truth
Present Middle and Passive Indicative
(d) Deponent/Defective Middle
Defective/deponent – appear in the middle but active in
function
ἐκ τῆς ἐκκλησίας
ἔρχομαι
I come
from the
 Deponent
 Always
– always looks like pass/mid.
active in meaning
 Recognition
 Always
church
– check lexical form
listed with mid/pass ending
 Parsing – ‘deponent’ or ‘middle’
Present Middle and Passive Indicative
2.2 Function of the Passive Voice
 Four distinct uses of passive in Greek
(a) Direct Agent - most common usage in NT
 Preposition ὑπο with gen. case
διδάσκεται ὑπὸ τοῦ ἀγγέλου
He is being taught
by
the
angel
Present Middle and Passive Indicative
(b) Intermediate agent
 Preposition δία with genitive case
πάντα
All things
δι’ αὐτοῦ
through
him
ἐγένετο
were made John 1:3
 Christ is the intermediary agent ; God is the original agent
Present Middle and Passive Indicative
(c) Impersonal agent
 Instrumental
case with or without the preposition ἐν
οἱ ἄντθρωποι σῳζονται
ἐν τῶ λόγῳ τοῦ Μεσσίου
The men are being saved by the word of the Messiah
(d) No agent expressed
ἐγείρεται
He is being raised up
Present Middle and Passive Indicative
2.3 Present Mid/pass. Contract forms
- άω
- έω
- όω
Sg. 1
ἀγαπῶμαι
ποιοῦμαι
πληροῦμαι
Sg. 2
ἀγαπᾷ
ποιῇ
πληροῖ
Sg. 3
ἀγαπᾶται
ποιεῖται
πληροῦται
Pl. 1
ἀγαπώμεθα
ποιούμεθα πληρούμεθα
Pl. 2
ἀγαπᾶσθε
ποιεῖσθε
πληροῦσθε
Pl. 3
ἀγαπῶνται
ποιοῦνται
πληροῦνται
Present Middle and Passive Indicative
3.1 The Cases for Object of Verbs
 Regular case for direct object is accusative
 Some
Greek verbs take objects in other genitive or dative
dat.
ἀποκρίνομαι τοῖς τέκνοις – I am answering the children
dat.
ἐπιστεύσεν δὲ Αβραὰμ τῶ θεῶ - Abraham believed God
inf.
ἄρχομαι βλέπειν
- I am beginning to see
gen.
ἀκούω τοῦ λόγου – I am hearing the word
Present Middle and Passive Indicative

Practice:
 p.
67
 Warm-up
 Parsing
Future Active/Middle Indicative
Introduction – Future tense in English
 To form a future tense in English:
 “shall”
or “will” to the present verb
 “shall”
is rarely used today [for 1st person]
I
eat
I
will eat
Future Active and Middle Indicative
4.1 Future Forms – Active and Middle
4.1.1 Forming future tense
Future active and middle are built on present stem
 Future passive is built on different stem!
 Future tense – strongest time emphasis of Greek tenses

Basic idea (Pattern 1)
Active:
λυ (present stem)-σ (tense formative) –ω (active ending)
= λυ-σ-ω
 λύσω (I will loose)
Future Active Indicative
Singular
Plural
λύσω
I will loose
λύσομεν
λύσεις
You will loose λύσετε
λύσει
(s)he/it will
loose
λύσουσι(ν)
Infinitive
λύσειν
To loose
We will loose
You will loose
They will
loose
Future Active/Middle Indicative
4.2 Contract Verbs and minor irregularities
 The contract vowel lengthens before tense formative
ἀγαπα + σ + ω > ἀγαπήσω
ποιε +σ + ω > ποιήσω
πληρο + σ + ω > πληρώσω
Future Active/Middle Indicative

Other exceptions follow a familiar pattern:
βλεπ + σω > βλέψω
Labial: πσ, βσ, φσ > ψ
γραφ + σω > γράψω
διωκ +σω > διώξω
αγ+σω > ἄξω
Velar: κσ, γσ, χσ > ξ
βαπτιδ + σω > βαπτίσω Dental: τσ, δσ, θσ > σ
πειθ +σω > πείσω
Future Active/Middle Indicative
5.1 Future Middle Indicative
 Middle voice is different from active and passive in
the future! (cf. present)
 Future middle: future active stem but mid/pass. endings!
Future Middle:
λυ (present stem)-σ (tense formative)-ομαι (Middle ending)
= λυ-σ-ομαι  λύσομαι (I will loose myself)
Future Middle Indicative
Singular
Plural
λύσομαι
I will loose
myself
λυσόμεθα
We will loose
ourselves
λύσῃ
you will loose
yourself
λύσεσθε
You will loose
yourselves
λύσεται
He/she/it will
loose himself
λύσονται
They will loose
themselves
Future active and Middle Indicative
5.2 Future Indicative of εἰμί
 εἰμί has no middle or passive function in the future tense
Singular
I will be
Plural
ἐσόμεθα We will
ἔσῃ
You will
be
ἔσεσθε
be
You will
be
ἔσται
(s)he/it
will be
ἔσονται
ἔσομαι
They will
be
Future active and Middle Indicative
5.3 Overview of Greek Tenses


Five tenses (and seven forms) of koine Greek
Greek
Tense/voice
Translation
ἀγαπάω
Present
I love
ἠγάπων
Imperfect
I was loving
ἀγαπήσω
Future active
I will love
ἠγάπησα
Aorist active
I loved
ἠγάπηκα
Perfect active
I have loved
ἠγάπημαι
Perfect passive
I have been loved
ἠγαπήθην
Aorist passive
I was loved
Lexicon listing – sg.1 in the 5-7 basic tenses/forms of the verb

E.g. λύω [pr.], λύσω [fut.act.], ἔλυσα [aor.act.], λέλυκα [pf.act.], λέλυμαι
[pf.mid/pass.], ἐλύθην [aor.pass.]
Future Active/Middle Indicative

Practice:
 p.
71
 Warm-up and parsing

Homework:
 p.
69, no: 7-9
 p. 73, no: 7-10