Transcript Parts of Speech

Parts of Speech
Grade 12
Nouns
• Nouns are words that name persons, places,
things, or ideas.
– PERSONS: cousins, coach, teacher
– PLACES: school, Phoenix, Lincoln Memorial
– THINGS: calculator, speech, tissue, microwave
– IDEAS: ambivalence, joy, legality, gladness,
Nouns
• ABSTRACT
– Names of ideas
• Fear, cleverness, misery,
civilization, honor
• CONCRETE
– Names of persons places
or things
• Trumpet, street, tortilla,
Golden State Bridge
Nouns
• Common:
• Proper:
– are general, not
particular, do not
capitalize
– Particular/specific
persons, places, or
things; always capitalize
– city, turnpike, attorney,
war, scavenger
– Sioux City, New Jersey
Turnpike, Supreme Court
Chief Justice Roberts,
the Civil War
Nouns
• Collective:
– Name a group of people,
animals or things
• Ex. Squad, class, flock,
club, association
Nouns
• Compound Nouns:
– Consists of two or more
words-- sometimes
hyphenated, sometimes
written as one word, and
sometimes written as
two words.
• Ex. Great-aunt, onefourth, horseradish,
postal worker, junior
high school
Nouns
• Noun Phrase:
– A noun and its modifiers
• Noun: girl, children, tulip, chocolate
• Noun Phrase: the young girl, several children, the
yellow tulip, sweet as chocolate
Pronouns
• Pronouns are words that take the place of a
noun or another pronoun.
– Most but not all pronouns refer to something previously
mentioned. The word or group of words to which the pronoun
refers is called its Antecedent. In the following sentences,
arrows point to the antecedents of the pronoun.
– Inez and her friend are newspaper staff members. They go
to an editorial meeting each Tuesday. It is held in Mr. Chen’s
office.
Pronouns
• Personal and Possessive
I
me
We
us
you
you
she
her
he
him
it
it
they
them
my
our
your
her
his
its
their
mine
ours
yours
hers
his
its
theirs
She was the first to arrive because her train was early.
Pronouns
• Indefinite Pronouns: express an amount or refer
to an unspecified person or thing. Some are:
all, another, any, anybody, anyone, anything, both,
each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, few,
many, most, neither, nobody, none, no one, one,
others, several, some, somebody, someone
Many came despite the rain, and few were
disappointed.
Pronouns
• Demonstrative Pronouns point to specific
people or things.
this
that
these
those
This is the reserved section; those seats over
there are available.
Pronouns
• Relative Pronouns introduce some
subordinate clauses.
who
whoever
whom
whomever
which
that
whose
Suki, who lives farthest from the school, has
never been absent.
Pronouns
• Interrogative Pronouns are used in questions.
Who?
Whom? Whose?
What?
Which? How?
To whom are you speaking? What did you say?
Pronouns
• Reflexive pronouns refer to an earlier noun or
pronoun.
• Intensive pronouns add emphasis.
Myself
yourself
himself
herself
Itself
ourselves
yourselves
themselves
I love myself. (reflexive)
The principal himself taught the class. (intensive)
Pronouns
• Reciprocal pronouns express mutual action or
relation.
– Teammates rely on one another for support
during a game.
Verbs
• Verbs help to make statements. You can’t make a
sentence without one.
– Verbs are words that express an action or a state of being.
Every sentence has at least one action verb or one linking verb.
– Some action verbs communicate an observable action; for
example, they describe what people do—glide, laugh, applaud.
But other action verbs tell us what people feel—appreciate,
love, dread.
Frank Lloyd Wright designed and built homes and other
structures. His clients admired his style.
Verbs
• Linking Verbs do what their name says: They link the
subject of a sentence with a word that tells more about it.
The surgeon appeared confident. The surgeon is an innovator.
• Some words that can be action verbs in one context can be
linking verbs in another context. If a form of be can
substitute for the verb, then the verb is functioning as a
linking verb.
Action verb: The performer looked nervously at the audience.
Linking verb: The performer looked nervous.
Verbs
• Verb phrase is a verb form preceded by one or
more helping (or auxiliary) verbs. Not (n’t in a
contraction) is never part of the verb phrase.
Hasn’t anyone here seen the remote? I have
been looking for it for half an hour.
Generally, the more vivid a verb, the better.
Bland: John is on his way to work.
Vivid: John is dashing to work.
Verbs
Linking Verbs: Forms of Be:
am
is
are
be
is being will be
would be
might have been
was
being
could be
could have been
were
can be
should be
Some Other Linking Verbs:
appear
smell
grow
taste
Some Helping Verbs:
be (is, am, are, was, were, been)
have (has, had)
do (does, did)
can
may
shall
will
could
would
seem
feel
stay
remain
must
should
become
sound
look
turn
might
Adjectives
• Adjectives can make nouns and pronouns come into
focus.
• Adjectives are modifiers. They give information
about the nouns and pronouns they modify.
What Kind?
How Many?
How Much?
Which One?
red flower, straight road, surprise visit
four days, few entries
more space, some effort
third response, that shirt, worst joke, last month
Adjectives
• A and An are adjectives but are also called
indefinite articles. They refer to any one member
of a group and so are indefinite. Similarly, The is
an adjective but is also called the definite article.
It point out a particular noun.
• Proper Adjectives derive from proper nouns and
always begin with a capital letter.
Japanese food
Confederate troops
Adjectives
• Adjectives can also follow a linking verb to
modify the subject of a sentence; in this
position, the modifier is called a Predicate
Adjective.
The smoked salmon tastes salty.
The manager is stern but fair.
Adverbs
• Adverbs modify, or tell more about verbs,
adjectives, and other adverbs by answering
when, where, and how questions. Intensifiers
are adverbs that answer the question to what
extent or how much?
When? Today, we began rehearsals for the play.
Where? They walked here from the station.
How?
The actor spoke clearly and loudly.
To What Extent?
We thoroughly enjoyed the
performance.
Adverbs
• Many adverbs, sometimes called adverbs of manner, end with
the suffix –ly. However, many frequently used adverbs do not
end in –ly.
• Adverbs can modify prepositions and prepositional phrases.
They arrived just after dinner.
Her hand reached almost to the top.
• Adverbs can also modify subordinate clauses and complete
sentences.
I’ll play the tape again only if you want me to.
Surely he didn’t mean to put the car in reverse.
• Many negatives—for example, not, n’t, barely, and never—
are adverbs; they can interrupt part of the verb phrase.
He should not have moved backward.
Adverbs
Some Common Adverbs That Do Not End In –ly:
about
late
too
always
still
yet
just
tomorrow
also
seldom
yesterday
here
today
already
never
why
fast
there
almost
more
well
around
then
Some Common Intensifiers:
exceptionally
somewhat
hardly
least
less
most
extraordinarily
only
quite
rather
really
nearly
so
truly
very
Prepositions
•
•
Prepositions link key words in you sentence and never stand alone.
They connect a noun or pronoun (and its modifiers) to another word in the
sentence to form a prepositional phrase.
About
Against
Before
Beyond
During
In
Near
Outside
Through
Under
Upon
above
along
below
but(except)
except
inside
of
over
throughout
underneath
within
across
around
beside
by
for
into
on
past
to
until
with
The crowd stood along the aisles.
after
at
between
down
from
like
out
since
toward
up
without
Prepositions
• Compound prepositions contain several words.
According to
In front of
Aside from
Instead of
Behind
Out of
in addition to
apart from
in spite of
because of
on behalf of
in the middle of
along with
in place of
as to
next to
due to
In spite of the snowstorm, we drove to the movies.
Conjunctions
• Conjunctions join words or groups of words.
• Coordinating conjunctions join words or
groups of words that are equal in importance.
And
but
or
nor
so
yet
I like the taste of asparagus and broccoli. I enjoy
cauliflower but not spinach. In a choice
between carrots or beets, I’d pick beets.
Conjunctions
• Correlative conjunctions function in the same
way as coordinating conjunctions, but they
always appear as pairs.
But…and
not…but
Either…or not
only…but also Just as…so
whether…or
Niether…nor
Either a National League team or an American
League team will win the World Series.
Conjunctions
• Subordinating conjunctions connect adverb clauses to
main clauses.
After
Provided that
As long as
Unless
Because
Where
If
in order that
as far as
as soon as
as though
when
although
since
so that
until
before
for
while
whereas
The parade took place, although it rained the whole time.
Because I had an umbrella, the wet weather didn’t bother
me.
Interjections
• Interjections express mild or strong emotions.
– They have no grammatical connection to the rest
of the sentence. They are set off by a comma or
by an exclamation point.
aha
ouch
wow
hey
yo
ugh
oh
nah
well
– Ouch! That hurt!
– They have three pets: a dog, a parrot, and ugh!, an
iguana!