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Grammar Miss Johnson S Idioms S Idiom: a group of words established by usage as having a meaning not deducible from those of the individual words Phrasal Verbs S Phrasal Verb: an idiomatic phrase consisting of a verb and another element, typically either an adverb, a preposition, or a combination of both; a two to three word phrase functioning as the verb S Adverb- break down S Preposition- see to S Adverb and preposition- Lock down on Phrasal Verb S Verb: The cat turned. S Verb Phrase: The cat has been turning the pages of the book. S Phrasal Verb: The cat turned in late. (idiom for “went to bed”) 3 tests for phrasal verb S Ask: “Does the meaning of the phrase change substantially compared to the meaning of the separate words?” S The verb and particle can usually be separated by a direct object with no change in meaning. S Phrasal verbs often have single-word equivalents Phrasal Verbs S We diagram a phrasal verb the same way we diagram a verb phrase – it all goes on the same line. S He dressed up for the concert. Phrasal Verbs S I work out in the morning. Special Structures S Adverbial Objective S Noun that functions as a verb S Double Modifiers S Modifier that modifies another modifier Adverbial Objectives S Adverbial Objective: noun and pronoun that function as adverbs S Indirect objects are adverbial objectives; they tell to whom or for whom something is given, said, or shown, and they modify verbs S To test: S usually we can insert a preposition and the sentence will make sense (its like having an imaginary prepositional phrase that functions as an adverb or time or place) Adverbial Objectives S Abelard never came home Friday. Adverbial Objectives S You arrived ten minutes late for you lesson. Adverbial Objectives S It costs three dollars a gallon. Double Modifiers S Double Modifier: a compound of two or more modifying words that function as either an adjective or an adverb S S Adjectives modify nouns or pronouns Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs S Hyphens sometimes link multiple modifiers together S Ex: the forty-year-old-man S Credit-card statement S Over-the-counter medicine S Long-distance phone call S Other qualifiers or possessive modifiers that proceed a modifier S Somewhat slow S Rather quickly S Extremely thin S Very smoothly Double Modifiers S The long-distance phone call was a fortune.