Transcript Morphology English Deptarment

Faculty of Arts
English Department
Morphology
Talib M. Sharif Omer
Asst. Lecturer,
[email protected]
December13, 2015
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Outline
• Infixes and types of infixes
• Morphs and allomorphs
• Quality of morphemes
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Infixes:
• Infixes are bound morphemes that have been
inserted within a word.
• They have two types:
1-Addition: for example get at able from able where
the preposition at get is kept as infix in able as
adjective, although the preposition is removed like
accountable from (account for). However, in English
morphology this rarely happens.
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Infixes:
2-Replacement: This type of infixes in English
language is most commonly used.
They occur in a few nouns plural for example,
goose becomes geese.
It also happens in some irregular past tense
participle, such as chose, choose. The verb
chose {o} is replacing double {oo} of choose. All
of this is called replacement or replacive
allomorph.
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Allomorphs:
• Allomorphs are defined in different ways but
all of them have the same purpose of
allomorphs.
• For example, Scotthuranbery (2009) defined
that allomorphs are variants of a morpheme.
Apparently, an allomorph is any 2 or 3
morphemes that have the same purpose but are
spelt or sound differently.
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Types of Allomorphs:
Allomorphs have different types:
• Phonological conditioned allomorph:
For example, English morpheme(s) can appear /s/ as in
books. /z/ as in dogs, /iz/ as in boxes.
Or e.g. {D pt} this morpheme has three phonemic forms:
such as wanted (id), ended helped (t) m and opened(d).
Each of these three pronunciations is allomorphs of the
same morpheme.
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Types of Allomorphs:
• Morphological and syntactical conditioned
allomorphs.
if (ed ) has three allomorphs, is this is all? Then
what about spoke? How do we count?
Obviously, that this is called replacement or
replacive allomorph.
But zero allomorph for some irregular verbs whose
present, past tens forms are the same. For example,
put, becomes put, and some nounssheep, sheep or
fish, fish.
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Types of Allomorphs
differences is shown in the following table.
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Phonological conditioned allomorph
Morphological&
conditioned allomorph
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
1.
2.
3.
4.
/z/ beds, knees
/s/ parents, books
/iz/ houses,
/t/ helped
/d/ consumed
/id/ wanted, landed
/dis/ disagree, discount, disbelieve
syntactical
Feet, gees,, mice
Knife , knives , deep, depth
En, oxen, children,.
Zero allomorph, deer, sheep, and
Some irregular vebs, put, put,put.
1. Sume
changes to Consume ,
consumption, or
Types of Allomorphs
Note,
zero allomorph refers to invisible affix by a
specific meaning, such as fish and cut.
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Morphs
• According to Katamba(2007)
Morph is a physical form representing some
morphemes in a language which it recurrent
distinctive sounds.
• A morph is considered a piece that denotes
one morpheme in sound or writing. For
example, the word disrespected is made up of
three morphs--dis-, respect -ed- each of which
represents one morpheme.
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Morphs
So there are morphs / id/ d/ t/ which represent
regular past tense of morpheme/ ed/ in the past
tense this is called complementary distribution.
• Morphs tend to be complementary
distribution.
How?
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Types of Morphs
Generally , there is two types of morphs :
• Free morph: is the morph that refers directly
to objects and other pieces of real word. E.g .
dog, walk, table.
• Bound morph: the morph that has been
modifying the meaning of the lexical morphs
by adding them . e.g. ( un, re, d, ent, ly, ize.
tion ,dis, ment).
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Types of Morphs
• For example,
disbelieve'/ disbili:v/
Morphs
Dis/dis/
Believe/ beli:v/.
Thus, every single phonetic symbol of
morpheme is named morph.
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Suppletion:
• Suppletion some grammatical functions are
not represented by inflectional endings.
e.g.
good, better, am, is, are become were, was.
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Homophones:
• Homophones: phonologically, they are words
that have the same pronunciations but in
different meaning and different spelling.
For example,
right, ride, write, rite.
Similarly in morphology they happened differently
and in different morphemes.
For example, meat, and meet, or he feels/z/excited,
these birds /z/are beautiful. Ahmed's bag/z/.
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Quality of morpheme:
• Special morpheme quality is found in bound
morpheme is called bound root morpheme
quality.
• So special morpheme quality has lexical
meanings when they are attached to another
bound morpheme to form a content word.
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Quality of morpheme:
• Is cran affix in cranberry?
No
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Quality of morpheme:
• While roots can be free but not all roots are free.
• many roots are incapable of occurring in
isolation they always occur with some others.
• For example,
• A: mit as in remit, commit, admit.
• B:ceive as in perceive, receive , conceive ,
deceive.
• C:Pred, as in predate, predatory.
• D: sed: sedate, sedan, sedentary .
• E: Cran, cranberry
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Exercise:1
In the following groups of words underline each
infixes.
• 1-Find, found, found.
• 2- write, wrote, written,
• 3- ring, rang, rung.
• 4-foot,feet,
5- tooth, teeth.
6- mouse. Mice.
7- child, children.
8-Speak, spoke, spoken.
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Exercise:1
Answers
• 1-Find, found, found.
• 2- write, wrote, written,
• 3- ring, rang, rung.
• 4-foot,feet,
5- tooth, teeth.
6- mouse. Mice.
7- child, children.
8-Speak, spoke, spoken.
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Exercise:2
• Explain why Allomorphs of the indefinite
article :a/ an has one morpheme?
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Ends and Thanks
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References
• -Aronoff (2009) what is morphology. Cambridge:
Cambridge university Press.
• -Hartmann, R.R.K., and F.C. Stork. 1972.Dictionary of
language and linguistics. London: Applied Science.
• - Francis,K., Stonham,A. (2006) Modern Linguistics:
Morphology. 2nd (ed) Palgrave: Macmillan Press.
• https://sites.google.com/a/sheffield.ac.uk/all-aboutlinguistics/branches/morphology/what-ismorphology
• http://grammar.about.com/od/mo/g/Morph.htm
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