Transcript Understanding - Ch09. Modals 1.pps

Understanding and Using
English Grammar
Ch 09. Modals 1
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1
Context
Part I
Part II

Modal Auxiliaries: Meaning

Modal Auxiliaries: Introduction

What is Mood?


Verbs forms in Mood

Modal Auxiliaries의 특징
Making Requests

with I as the subject

with You as the subject

Imperative request

Expressing Necessity (당위성의 표현)

Necessity: Must, have to

Lacking of Necessity: don’t have to, don’t need to

Prohibition: must not

Expressing Expectation

Be supposed to

Appendix

Summary

Summary

Summary

Summary

Summary

Summary






Expressing Advisability: Should, ought to, had
better
Expressing Suggestion

Let’s, Why don’t we, shall I/we

Could vs. Should

Hindsight Advisability &Suggestion
- should have + PP
- could have + PP
Expressing Degree of Certainty

Present time

Present time negative

Past time

Past time negative

Future time

Future time negative
Expressing Possibility and Ability: Can, Could
Expressing Habitual
Expressing Preference
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of
of
of
of
of
of
Will
Would
Could
Can
Must
Should
2
1. Modal Auxiliaries: Meaning
Modal = Related to Mood
Mood = Speaker가 말하려는 의도에 사용되는 단어 형식
(verb forms that are used to signal modality) / (a state of mind at a particular time ))
= each of several forms of a verb, indicating whether the verb is expressing a fact (
INDICATIVE), a wish, possibility or doubt (SUBJUNCTIVE) or a command (IMPERATIVE)
Modality = 표현된 문장에서 Speaker의 말하려는 의도(ability, possibility, necessity(= obligation),
certainty (=believability), desirability, or reality )의 정도
+
Auxiliaries = 보조의
helping or supporting
=
Modal Auxiliaries: 문장에서 화자가 말하려는 의도의 정도에 대한 표현을 보조하는데
사용되는 단어들 또는 단어의 형식
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2. What is Mood (화법)?
무엇을(What to be said- 화자가 말하려는 의도의 정도를) 어떻게 표현하는가에(How to be
said) 대한 문장형식 또는 동사 형식
Sentence
Modality
deals with sentence types, such as
- Indicative (a statement, 직설법 또는 평서문)
. interrogative (a question, 의문문),
Modality
= Mood
. exclamatory (an exclamation, 감탄문),
동사와
문장기
준구
분
. optative (a wish, 기원문): May God bless you!
. Injunctive (prohibition, 금지문)
- imperative (a command, 명령법): absolutely essential or urgent.
- Subjunctive (가정법?: 비사실문,비현재문)
의미면
에서의
구분
Verb Modality
deals with the modal verbs and the mood of verbs.
Realis moods
화자가 말하는 내용의 사실성/현재성을 의미(암시)하는 표현형식
(진실모드)
Indicative(= declarative) mood
Irrealis moods
화자가 말하는 내용의 비사실성/비현재성을 의미(암시)하는 표현 형
식:
(비진실모드)
Subjunctive mood: is a verb mood typically used in dependent clauses to
express wishes, commands, emotion, possibility, judgment, opinion,
necessity, or statements that are contrary to fact at present.
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3. Verb forms in Mood?
현재시제
To own
To be
과거시제
Indicative(직설법)
Subjunctive(가정법/비현
재법)
indicative
subjunctive
말하는 이의 행동이나 상
태를 사실로 인정하고 서
술하는 법.
어떤 동작이나 상태가 비
현실적인 가정이나 바람
I own
We own
I own
We own
I owned
We owned
I owned
We owned
You own
You own
You own
You own
You
owned
You
owned
You
owned
You
owned
She/he/it
owns
They own
She/he/it
own
They own
She/he/it
owned
They
owned
She/he/it
owned
They
owned
I am
We are
I be
We be
I was
We were
I were
We were
You are
You are
You be
You be
You were
You were
You were
You were
She/he/it
is
They are
She/he/it
be
They be
She/he/it
was
They were
She/he/it
were
They were
임을 전제하고 말하는 법
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4. Modal Auxiliaries의 특징
특징
1) 형 변화가 없다. : 단수,복수, 1,2,3인칭
모두 동일
He may know the answer. (O)
2) 부정형, 의문형, 태그형을 만들때 조동사
do/does를 사용 안함
Can you swim? (O)
He mays know the answer. (X)
Do you can swim? (X)
He shouldn’t be doing that, should he?
He doesn’t should… (X)
3) Modal Auxiliary 다음에는 동사원형
I must watch the soccer game.
I may not be working tomorrow.
She was so angry she could have killed him.
4) 조동사 자체적으로는 to부정사 형태나
Participle 형태(ing, ed폼)가 없음
To must, musting, musted (X)
5) 조동사자체적으로는 to부정사 형태나
Participle 형태(ing, ed폼)가 없으나, 과거
시제의 경우 완료형과 결합
You should have told me you were coming.
6) 의미상의 주어(Preparatory subject)와
조동사가 같이 쓰일경우 be 동사가 주로 쓰
인다
There may be rain later today.
I think I may have annoyed Aunt Mary.
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5. Expressing Advisability(충고)
현재/미래의
충고
(Present/
Future
Advisability)
You should study hard in order to pass the exam.
= It is a good idea for you to study hard. It’s my advice.
You ought to study hard in order to pass the exam.
= It is important for you to study hard.
The gas tank is almost empty. You had better stop at the next
gas station.
Ought
to는 should 보다 강한 의
미
Had
better + 동사 원형: ought
to 보다 의미. 일종의 경고의 의미
를 가짐

had better > ought > should
You should not leave your wallet in the car.

should not: ~ 해서는 안된다
= It is not a good idea to leave your wallet in the car.
Had
better는 ‘d better로 축약
Had
better의 부정은 had better
= I warn you to stop at the next gas station.
not
You’d better not be late.
과거의 충고
(Past
judgment)
상황: I failed my math exam.
과거에 이미 발생한 일에 대한
충고,판단은, 의미상 그렇게 했었
어야 했는데 그렇지 못했다라는
의미. 즉 짜증(irritation), 후회
(regret), 분노(anger), 안타까움
lack of thoughtfulness), 비난
reproach)의 의미를 가짐

-- You should have studied for the exam. // you made a mistake
= It was important for you to study, but you didn’t study. You
made a mistake.
Anna might have visited me when she came to Korea. I didn’t
event know she visited Korea.
// 나를 방문 할 수 있었는데 방문하지 안았다. (방문할 수도 있었는
데(50% 가능성) 그래서 짜증/후회/안타까움이 났다)
Anna could have visited me when she was in Korea. I didn’t even
know she visited Korea. // 나를 방문 할 수 있었는데 방문하지 안
았다. (방문할 충분한 시간적 여유와 역량이 있었음에도 불구하고)
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Could have PP는 might have
PP나 should have PP보다 더 직
접적인 가능성(capability)을 표현

6. Expressing Suggestion
현재/
미래
시점에
서의
제안
(a) Let’s go to a movie.
Let’s
(b) It’s raining. Let’s not leave now. Let’s stay here more.

(c) Why don’t we go to a movie?
go = Why don’t we go
Why don’t 은 주로 구어체에서
사용 되며 친근한 제안을 할때 사용
= I suggest that you come here at 7:00.
shall + I / We는 상대에게 제안
을하고 상대가 그 제안에 찬성하는
지를 물음.
(d) Why don’t’ I give Jim a call?


(d) Why don’t you come here at 7:00?
= Should I give Jim a call? Do you agree with my suggestion?
Let’s 는 shall we? 라는 tag 의문
문 사용
Shall I open the window?
= I suggest that I open the window. Do you agree with my suggestion
Shall we leave at 2:00 PM? Is that OK?
Let’s go, shall we?
Let’s go, OK? (informal)
What should we do tomorrow?
제안할때
(a) Why don’t we go to a movie?
- Let’s,
(b) We could go to a movie.
- Why don’t we,
상황: I’m having trouble in my math class.
- Shall I / we
(c) You should talk to your teacher.
- should (명확한 제안, definite
suggestion)
= I believe it is important for you to talk to your teacher about your
problem. This is what I recommend.
(d) You could talk to you’re your teacher. Or You could ask Jim to help
you. Or I could try to help you.
= I have some possible suggestions for you. It is possible for you to
talk to your teacher. Or it is also possible for you to ask Jim…
(E) You might talk to your teacher …
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(현재/미래시점에서)
- could (가능한 제안중 하나,
possible suggestion )
- might (가능할 수도 있는 제안)
- is supposed to
6. Expressing Suggestion (Cont.)
과거시점에
서의 제안
Past
Suggestio
n (=
hindsight
suggestion
or
possibility)
상황: I failed my math exam.

-- You should have talked to your teacher. // you made a mistake
- should have PP
= It was important for you to ask your teacher for help, but you didn’t do it.
You made a mistake.
- could have PP
-- You could have talked to your math teacher. Or you could has asked
Anna to help you. // you missed a good opportunity
- was supposed to
= You had the chance to talk to your teacher or ask Anna. It was possible
for you to do this or that. But you didn’t. You missed some good
opportunities.
과거시점에서의 제안
- might have PP
과거시점에서의 제안은 의
미상 과거에 이미 발생해서
완료된 일에 대한 제안으로,
어떤 일이 완료된 후에 하는
즉 “그렇게 ~했었어야 했는
데 못했다”라는 후회, 안타까
움, 비난, 등의 의미가 포함된
제안을 의미.

should have talked: ~와
애기 할 수 있었는데 결국 안
했다 (hindsight advice)

Jim was supposed to go to school this morning.
 but Jim didn’t go to school this morning.
was supposed to 는
should have+PP와 같은 의미

is supposed to는 미래의
의미(~해야 한다)

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7. Expressing Degree of Possibility (Inference, Guess) & Sureness (Certainty): (가능성, 추측, 확실성)
Will Jim be here soon?
미
래
Will Jim be here soon?
- He will be here soon.
//100% sure
- He will not be here soon.
//100% sure
- He will probably be here soon.
//90%
- He probably won’t be here soon.
//90%
- He is probably going to be here soon.
//90%
- He probably isn’t going to be here soon.
//90%
- He should / ought to be here soon.
//90%
- He should not / ought not to be here soon.
//90%. 미래만 가능
- He may / might / could be here soon.
//50%
- He might not/ may not/ could not be here soon.//50%
- Maybe he will be here soon.
//50%
- Maybe he won’t be here soon.
Why is Jim in hospital?
현
재
Why isn’t Jim in hospital?
- He is sick.
//100% sure
- He is not sick.
- He must be sick.
// 95%
- He cannot/ could not be sick. //99%, impossibility, 부정만 가능
- He is probably sick.
// 90%
- He must not be sick.
//95%, 현재/과거만 가능
- He may/ might/ could / be sick.
// 50%
- He probably isn’t sick.
//90%
- Maybe he is sick.
// 50%
- He may not / might not be sick. //50%
Why was Jim in hospital yesterday?
과
거
//50%
//100%
Why wasn’t Jim in hospital yesterday?
- He was sick.
//100% sure
- He was not sick.
//100% sure
- He must have been sick.
//95%, logical conclusion
- He cannot / couldn’t have been sick. //99% sure,
- He should have been sick.
//90%, judgment from inferring
- He must not have been sick.
//95% sure
- He may have been/ might have been/ could have been sick. //50%
- He may not / might not have been sick. //ㄴ50% sure
// 현재의 상황을 기반해서 과거에 발생한 일을 유추(추측)하는 경우
// 과거에 발생한 사건의 반대조건에 기반해서, 과거에 발생한 수도 있어
선 일을 유추한경우(가정법 과거)
I’m familiar with his name and face. I may have (might have, could have) met him
long time ago.
// 어떤 전제조건 또는 가설에 기반해서, 과거에 발생한 일을 유추(추측)한경우
If our guess is correct, the murderer would have intruded the victim's house 1 day
prior and stayed there the whole night and killed the victim while she was sleeping.
If you had arrived here before noon, you would have seen us. (high
probability)
If you had arrived here before noon, you could have seen us.
(capable of happening)
If you had arrived here before noon, you might have seen us. ( a
chance of happening)
// 현재의 상황의 반대의 조건에 기반해서 미래/현재에 일어날 수도 있는
일을 유추(추측) 하는 경우(가정법 현재)
// 과거의 경험에 기초해서 이미 발생한 일(과거)을 유추한경우
Go and check the water in the pot. It should have boiled. If so, put the 라면 in it. //
물이 이미 끓었을 거야. (Inferring 유추)
If I had the time, I would go to the party.
If I had the time, I could go to the party.
If I had the time, I might go to the party.
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10
7. Expressing Degree of Certainty (Sureness) (확실성)
Present
100% sure
He is sick.
95% sure:
He must be sick.
be동사는 현재의 상
황(fact )에 대해 있는
그대로 묘사.

-- Why isn’t Anna in class?
Less than
50%
He may be sick.
= He might be sick. He could be sick.
= Maybe he is sick.
Present
Negative
100% sure
He is not hungry.
99% sure:
He couldn’t be hungry.
//maybe는 부사
be sick = I
don’t really know. He
may be sick and stay
home. He might be at
store. He could be
somewhere else.
현재시제는 fact에 대
한 묘사
// impossibility
-- He could not be hungry.
조동사를 사용하게
되면 그 fact에 대한 신
뢰성(확실성)의 정도를
의미하게 됨.

I saw him eating 2 Big Macs and 3 piece of KFC chickens in the
morning. How can he be hungry just after the 2 hours later? I don’t
believe it. He cannot be hungry.
Can
He must not be hungry.

-- Sam is not eating his lunch. He must not be hungry. That’s my
logical conclusion I can think of
Less than
50%
Could

He cannot be hungry.
95% sure
must be sick 은
logical conclusion

She must be sick. She attends the class every day. When I saw her
yesterday, she got cold. So my best guess is that she is sick today. I
cannot think of any other possibility.
He may not be sick.
not, could not는
그 상황이 불가능하다
는 impossibility를 의미
must는 logical
conclusion
may, might 는 막연
한 추측

He might not be sick.
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11
7. Expressing Degree of Certainty (Sureness) (확실성) (Cont.)
Past
Q: Why wasn’t Anna in the class?
must have been sick은 logical
conclusion.

A:
100% sure:
She was sick.
may
95% sure:
She must have been sick.
have been, might have
been, could have been sick은 한
가지 possibility에 대한 표현
I saw Anna yesterday and found out that she was sick.
I assume that is the reason why she was absent . I
cannot think of any other reason.
Less than 50%: He may have been sick.
He might have been sick.
He could have been sick.
Past
Negative
100% sure:
He was not hungry.

99% sure:
He couldn’t have been hungry.

95% sure:
was not hungry: was 100% true
He can’t have been hungry.
couldn’t have been hungry :
The speaker believes that It is
impossible for Sam to have been
hungry.
He must not have been hungry.
must
not have been hungry : It
is my logical conclusion
Less than 50%: He may not have been sick.
He might not have been sick.
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12
7. Expressing Degree of Certainty (Sureness) (확실성) (Cont..)
Future
100% sure:
He will be here soon.
// the speaker feels sure
90% sure:
He should be here soon. // the speak is almost sure
He ought to be here soon.
Less than 50%: He may be here soon.
// the speaker is guessing
He might be here soon.
should be here soon:
The road has no traffic
and he left home early so
I expect him to be here
soon. That is what I think
will happen.

Should
는 speaker가 어
떤일이 이루아지기를 기대
(expect) 하는 의미.
He could be here soon.
과거시점에서의 미래. : Would
과거시점에서의 미래표현
은, 그 액션이 과거시점에
서는 일어나지 않았고 미래
에 발생할 일들을 과거시점
에서 묘사

In Seoul, he first met the woman whom he would marry one day. // 결혼할 여
자를 만났다. (과거 시점에서는 아직 결혼하지 않았음)
I didn’t know he would be my boss in the future. // 그가 미래에 내 상사가 될
줄을 몰랐다.
He was 29 years old. He would be 30 next year. //
Future
100% sure:
He will not be here soon.
Negative
90% sure:
He should not be here soon.
Would는
현재/미래, 과거
시점에서 주어의 단순미래,
의지(부정시 거부/거절의
의미), 추측을 의미
will not be soon = I
know that she will not be
here soon

He ought not to be here soon.
Less than 50%: He may not be here soon.
He might not be here soon.
He could not be here soon
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13
8. Expressing Ability & Possibility (가능성과 역량): Can & Could
Present
/ future
He is strong. He can lift that heavy box.
= He is strong and he has enough power. It is very possible for him to lift
up the heavy box.
Ability의 개념에는
possibility의 개념이 포함
되 있음

Anna has learned piano for 10 years. She can play piano.
= She is able to play piano.
= She has ability to play piano.
=Dogs are able to bark, but they are not able to talk.
be able to는 특정한
능력의 경우에, can은 일
반적인 능력의 경우에 주
로 사용.
When I was young, I could run fast.
과거시제에서
Dogs can bark, but they cannot talk. // 일반적인 능력
1.
ability
to do
Past
= I used to be able to run fast, but now I cannot run fast.

could 는
과거의 능력을 의미.
= used to be able to
They could reach the top of Mt. Everest yesterday. (X) //특정시점
= They were able to reach the mountain Mt. Everest yesterday. (O)
= They managed to reach the mountain Mt. Everest yesterday. (O)
과거 특정 시점
(yesterday)에서의 ability
는 was bale to 로 표현.
Could사용 안함.

= They reached the mountain Mt. Everest yesterday. (O)
They could not reach the top of Mt. Everest yesterday. (O)
= They weren’t able to reach the mountain Mt. Everest yesterday.
(O)
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그러나
부정형에서는
could not도 사용가능
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8. Expressing Ability & Possibility (가능성과 역량): Can & Could (Cont.)
I can see the Han river from my apartment.
= It is possible for you to see the fish at the aquarium.
특별한 특징이
나 조건하에 어떤일이
매우 가능하다
(possibility)라는 의미
The story could be true but I don’t think it is. // = may be true

You can see fish at the aquarium. // possible
현재
The story can be true but I don’t think it is. (X) //특정한 조건 아님
The situation is bad, but it could go worse. // 현재 (sureness)
The situation was bad, but it could have went worse. //과거
can은
can은 realistic한
possible의미 이며,
could는 unrealistic또는
less possible (less
than 50% sure)한 의미
(sureness)(그러나 실제로는 더 나빠지지는 않았다)
미래
He will be able to play drum next month.
2.
possibility
(=
certainty
또는
sureness)
He said he just left but I don’t know when he is coming here. He could get
here at any time. It’s up to the road condition.
future possible 일 경
우 could, be able to만
가능

When I lived in Mapo, I could see the Han river from my apartment.
= It was possible for me to see the Han river from my apt.

Could
(현재/과
거)
Why did you stay at a hotel when he were in Seoul. You could have stayed at
my friends’ house. = you didn’t stay.
He was lucky. He could have been killed by the car accident yesterday. He is
OK now.
unrealisti
c
possible
I am so tired. I could sleep for a week. // 현재 unrealistic possible
I am so tired. I can sleep for a week. (X)
I was so tired. I could have slept for a week. //과거: could have PP

부정형:
would not
be
possible
to
He cannot be hungry now.
// 현재시제에서 부정만 가능, 99% 확실성
He can’t have been hungry. //과거시제에서 부정문, 99% 확실성
Everything is fine now. It couldn’t be better. // 현재
The trip was cancelled. He couldn’t have gone anyway because he was sick.
( = It would not have been possible for him to go…)//과거 부정문, 99%
확실성
과거
unfulfilled
possibility:
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past possible 일 경
우 could, be able to 만
가능
have PP는 이
루어질 수 도 있었던, 그
러나 결국에는 이루어지
지 않았던 것에 대해 묘
사
unrealistic한 경우
could 만 가능
무엇인가 not
possible 한 경우,
- cannot
- can’t have PP
- could not
- couldn’t have PP

15
8. Expressing Ability & Possibility (가능성과 역량): Can & Could (Cont..)
My car is broken. Can I use your car? // 상대에게 허락을 구할때
can은
permission의 의
미 이고 could는 future
possible한 Suggestion
의 의미
Yes, you can use my car. // permission
= I allow you to use my car.
3. allow
someon
e to do
We were totally free. We could do what we wanted.
= We were allowed to do what we wanted.
When you go to America next month, you could (또는 can) stay at my cousin’s
home. // Suggestion
-- Yes, I suppose I could.
I can stay with my friend’s house when I go to Seoul.
비교1
// possible (realistic)
I could stay with my friend’s house when I go to Seoul. // possible, but less sure( 50% 미만)
This is wonderful place. I could stay here forever. // Unrealistic
I can walk to school. // 학교에 걸어 갈 수 있다(능력이 있다.)
비교2
비교3
Can you speak English? // 영어를 말할 능력이 있냐?
walk: It is possible
for me to walk to
school because certain
condition exist.
Do you speak English?
// 영어로 말하냐? (일반적 의미)

He is sick.
// (100%) 아프다
He must be sick.
// (95%) 아픈게 틀림없다.
He could be sick.
// (50%미만) 아픈 것 같다(아플 수도 있다)
He can be sick. (X)
// sick할 능력이 있다 (이런 표현 불가)
He cannot be sick.
// (99%)아플리가 없다
I may walk to school. Or I may take a bus. //학교에 걸어갈 수 도 있다 (sureness)
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can
may walk: I am less
than 50% certain that I
will walk to school.
16
9. Expressing Habitual in the Past
He used to live in New York.
// 과거에 한때 NY에 살았던 적이 있다.
Sam used to live in LA.
// LA에 살았던 적이 있다
I used to smoke, but now I don’t.
used to : 과거의 습관,
활동, 상황을 서술. 현재는
더 이상 없거나 하지 않음.

used
I used not to smoke, but now I do. (∆) // 이 표현은 매우 formal한 표현
= I didn’t used to smoke, but I do. (O)
I never used to smoke. (O)
Habitual
past
Mary is used to cold weather. // 익숙해 지다. 적응하다
-
to 의 부정:
didn’t used to
didn’t use to
never used to
used not to
used to not
= Mary is accustomed to cold weather.
be used to + N: 적응하
다/익숙하다 라는 의미
Mary is used to living in a cold climate. // 찬 기후에 사는것에 적응했다.
= be accustomed to

= Mary is accustomed to living in cold weather.
Mary moved to Alaska. She got used to living in a cold climate.
Mary got accustomed to living in cold weather.
과거시제와
의 비교:
I worked hard last month. (O)
Get/got
은 become의 의
미
과거시제와의
비교: 과거
에 단순히 발생한 사건 이
나 기간의 의미일 경우 과
거시제만 가능
I used to work hard last month. (X)
I lived in Chicago for 3 years. (O)
I used to live in Chicago for 3 years. (X)
Would Vs.
used to:
Repeated
Actions in
the past
When I was a child, my father would read me a story book at night. (O)
When I was a child, my father used to read me a story book at night. (O)
I used to live in NY. (O) I would live in NY. (X) // (과거에) 뉴욕에 살 것이다
She used to be a Girl Scout. (O) // 상태 - 과거 한때 Girl Scout였다.
She would be a Girl Scout. (X)
They used to have a Hyundai car. (O) // 과거 한때 현대차를 가지고 있었다.
정샘 영어 Academy
과거의 규칙적 행위 일
경우: would 또는 used to

과거의 규칙적 상태/상황
일 경우: used to 만 가능
Used to 는 과거의 습관적
인 또는 한때의 action이나,
habit, situation에 다 사용:
행위+상태, 한때+반복

17
10. Expressing Preference
Present /
Future
He would rather go to class tomorrow.
would
= He prefer going to class tomorrow.
= prefer A to B
I would rather go to a movie tonight than study grammar.
X,Y는 동사원형
= I prefer going to movie to studying English grammar tonight.
A,B는 명사, 동명사
I’d rather study math than (study) biology.

= I prefer studying math to biology. // ~Y보다 ~X을 더 하고 싶다
rather X than Y
would rather 동사원형 + X
than Y (X,Y는 명사)
= prefer V-ing X to Y
I would rather that you call me tomorrow. // 동사원형-Subjunctive
We would rather that he take this train.
// 동사원형-Subjunctive
He would rather that his girl friend worked in the same department.
= He’s girl friend doesn’t work in the same department)
Jane would rather that it were winter now. // 가정법 문장
= It is not a winter now
would rather that +
S2 + 동원: S1은 S2가 ~하
기를 원한다.
S1+
would rather that +
S2 + 과거: S1은 S2가 ~이
기를(하기를) 이기를(하기를)
원하지만 현실은 그 반대
would
rather that에서 that
다음에 반드시 주어가 존재
= Jane wishes it were winter now.
Present /
Future
Negative
S1+
I would rather not to tell you my weight. // ~하지 않는게 낫다.
Would
rather not: 부정
He would rather not go to class tomorrow. (= He wants not to go class
tomorrow)
He would rather not have gone to class yesterday. (=He wanted not to go
to class yesterday)
He would rather that you not call me tomorrow. // would rather의 부정형
Past
The concert was good, But I would rather have gone to the movie last night.
Would
rather have + PP
progressi
ve
I’d rather be watching TV than studying grammar.
Would
rather be + ing
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