Transcript Help For Parents with Grammar and Punctuation

Grammatical Knowledge
The grammar skills for writing
• Text cohesion: the ability to create cohesive
chronological and non-chronological texts
• Sentence construction and punctuation: the
ability to construct, control, vary and
punctuate sentences
• Word modification: the ability to control,
select and vary language to create impact in
relation to the audience and purpose of the
writing
“Grammar is the study of how
we make sentences.”
David Crystal
Unpacking the sentence
The
big
was
barking.
The
big
dog
was
barking
Hallelujah
At
The
midnight
bigdog
dog
last
was
Wednesday,
barking the
the
the
Hallelujah
big dog Chorus.
was
Chorus
barking
in the
garden.
the
Hallelujah Chorus, rather wistfully, in the garden behind
Buckingham Palace.
The sentence
Simple sentence
– one clause
Compound sentence
- two or more clauses joined by and, but, or, so
- clauses are of equal weight
Complex sentence
– one main clause and one or more
subordinate clauses
Complex sentences
I went to the shops with all the children
to get the ingredients after assembly
Complex sentences
After assembly I went to the shops
with all the children to get the ingredients.
Complex sentence game
Laughing hysterically, the
teacher opened the brown
envelope.
When I arrived the big
dog which was called
Rover was barking
because it was lonely.
When I arrived, the big
dog, which was called
Rover, was barking
because it was lonely.
Word classes
determiner
verb
adjective
adverb
noun
preposition
pronoun
conjunction
Word classes
determiner
adjective
noun
dog
pronoun
Rover
verb
adverb
preposition
conjunction
Abstract nouns
• Refer to an intangible concept: something that
cannot be experienced with the five senses. If it
is something you can see, hear, touch, smell or
taste then it isn’t abstract.
• You need to look at how the word is functioning:
− Martin could taste lemon in the trifle.
− Em has great taste in furnishings.
• Often derived from a root word: child = concrete
noun, childhood = abstract state
Abstract nouns
Activity: write down 5 abstract
nouns
Hint: nouns with the suffixes -tion, ism, -ity, -ment, -age, -ship, -ability, acy are often abstract
Word classes
determiner
adjective
big
noun
dog
pronoun
Rover
verb
adverb
preposition
conjunction
Adjectives
The big dog
The dog was big.
Word classes
determiner
the
adjective
big
a
verb
noun
pronoun
dog
Rover
adverb
preposition conjunction
Determiners
• this dog, that dog
• all dogs, every dog, some dogs, no
dogs, each dog
• one dog, two dogs, three dogs
• his dog, her dog, my dog
Word classes
determiner
the
adjective
big
a
verb
noun
dog
Rover
adverb
preposition
pronoun
it
which
conjunction
Pronouns
Rover was barking.
The big dog was barking.
The funny little dog with the floppy ears
was barking.
It was barking.
Word classes
determiner
adjective
the
big
a
verb
barked
adverb
noun
dog
pronoun
it
Rover
which
preposition
conjunction
Word classes
determiner
the
adjective
big
a
verb
adverb
barked
slowly
then
away
noun
dog
pronoun
Rover
which
preposition
it
conjunction
Adverbs
• How?
– slowly, quietly, happily, sadly, fast, well
• Where?
– outside, inside, home, away, here, there,
everywhere
• When?
– now, then, next, soon, always, often,
frequently
Moving adverbs
HOW?
The
man
slowly
towards
the
dog.
Slowly
themoved
man moved
towards
the
dog.
towards
the dog
slowly.
WHEN?
WHEN?
WHEN?
WHEN?
Then
The dog
dog
thethen
started
dog started
barking
barking.
then.
The
started
barking.
WHERE?
WHERE?
The
Up the
littlelittle
mouse
mouse
jumped
jumped
up and ran
away
away.
it ran.
Word classes
determiner
the
adjective
big
a
verb
barked
noun
dog
pronoun
it
Rover
which
adverb
slowly
preposition
with
then
at
away
in
conjunction
Prepositional phrases
with some trepidation
at that moment
in the garden
Word classes
determiner
adjective
the
big
noun
dog
pronoun
it
Rover
which
adverb
slowly
preposition
with
conjunction
and
then
at
when
away
in
because
a
verb
barked
and…but ...or
words:
phrases:
clauses:
words:
phrases:
clauses:
words:
phrases:
clauses:
bread and butter
all the king’s horses and all the king’s men
It’s getting late and I’m tired.
tired but happy
out of sight but not out of mind
I like coffee but I love tea.
heads or tails
table d’hôte or à la carte
We can eat in or we can go out.
Conjunctions – some examples:
• also, furthermore, moreover
• however, nonetheless, on the other hand, in contrast
• besides, anyway, after all
• for example, in other words
• first of all, finally
• therefore, as a result, because of this
• just then, in due course, after that, in the end
• in the beginning, until then, up to that point
• in the mean time, simultaneously, meanwhile
Slide 15.3
Word classes
determiner adjective
the
big
a
verb
barked
noun
dog
Rover
pronoun
it
which
adverb
slowly
preposition
with
conjunction
and
then
at
when
away
in
because
Activity
Identify the word classes in the following:
but he always had a wicked
or mysterious glint in his
blue eyes
3B
Playing with punctuation
Reading in unison
Do you have a keen eye and a steady
hand? Are you ready for a game of
skill, strength and accuracy? Are you
up for challenging your friends? Then
archery is the game for you!
Adding punctuation
first put the leather wrist protector onto your left
wrist make sure it is strapped on tightly
wait patiently in the safety zone until it is your go
if you need to leave the safety zone tell your
instructor
when it is your go exit the safety zone and
cautiously pick up your bow hold it horizontally
with your left hand on the wooden handle
How did you do?
First put the leather wrist protector onto your left
wrist. Make sure it is strapped on tightly.
Wait patiently in the safety zone until it is your
go. If you need to leave the safety zone, tell your
instructor.
When it is your go, exit the safety zone and
cautiously pick up your bow. Hold it horizontally
with your left hand on the wooden handle.
Punctuation is all about awareness of
grammatical chunks. To split up texts
into sentences, indicating clearly
where each major chunk of meaning
begins and ends, we use capital letters
and full stops. Within the sentence, we
use a variety of punctuation marks to
show breaks between phrases,
clauses and, sometimes, words.
Don’t wait for me.
Don’t! Wait for me.
Semi-colon: the most feared
punctuation on earth!
1.Used to join 2 independent clauses
when you want to imply a link
between them:
“It was the best of times; it was the
worst of times.”
Which of these sentences uses the
semi-colon correctly?
a) Greece is a beautiful country; lovely
beaches and friendly people.
b) Greece is a beautiful country; the
people are friendly and the beaches
are empty.
c) Greece is a beautiful country; olives
are delicious.
Semi-colon: the most feared
punctuation on earth!
2. Used as a ‘super-comma’, if you need to
make a list of items already separated by
commas:
The Ofsted inspectors liked: the children, who
were friendly and helpful; our approach, which
was positive and challenging; the data, which
showed improvements, and our new learning
environment.
Punctuation activity
among my favourite foods are avocado
chopped with tomato asparagus fried in
butter pasta with mushrooms and cream
and crème brûlée with a hard caramel
topping
Among my favourite foods are: avocado,
chopped with tomato; asparagus, fried in
butter; pasta, with mushrooms and
cream,* and crème brûlée, with a hard
caramel topping.
* A comma is not necessary before the
conjunction ‘and’ , but many people use a
‘serial’ or Oxford comma if there are 3 or
more items in a list.
The apostrophe
An apostrophe shows:
• the place of omitted letters, e.g. I’m, we’d,
could’ve
• possession, e.g. Pauline’s model, the
boys’ playground
N.B. apostrophes are not used in
possessive pronouns (its, hers, ours,
theirs )
Modal Verbs
• Auxiliary verbs used to express ideas of
possibility, willingness, speculation and
necessity: will, would, can, could, may,
shall, should, must and ought.
• They are all followed by the infinitive: I can
help you, She will be here soon.
• They are important in argument,
persuasion and science investigations