Transcript Snímka 1

Morphology 1
1
Morphology is the field within
linguistics that studies the internal
structure of words.
Morphology 1
2
a morpheme
•the smallest unit of grammatical analysis.
Morphology 1
3


be identifiable from one word to
another
and

Contribute in some way to the
meaning of the whole word.
Morphology 1
4
Analytical process:
Synthetical process:
Doctor
To a doctor
English
doktor
k doktorovi
Slovak
more and shorter words
fewer and longer words
Morphology 1
5
 Monofunctional morphemes – agglutination
• Polyfunctional morphemes – inflection
• Analytical process - isolation.
Morphology 1
6
Models of morphology
•Morpheme-based morphology, which makes use of
an Item-and-Arrangement approach.
•Lexeme-based morphology, which normally makes
use of an Item-and-Process approach.
•Word-based morphology, which normally makes use
of a Word-and-Paradigm approach.
Morphology 1
7
A word and its forms: DERIVATION
Morphology 1
8
MORPHEMES

derivational
read + -er
un- + tie
inflectional
work – work(-s)
work – work (-ed)
paradigm
Morphology 1
9
Derivationally related words are
different words with a shared base.
We talk about so called word classes ,
primary grammatical categories, parts
of speech or lexical categories:
Morphology 1
10
Why do we group words into categories?
Morphology 1
11
The lexicon (vocabulary) of language - much
higher than a hundred thousand.
It is convenient not to study individual items but to
group certain items into classes sharing certain
features, and examine them together
Morphology 1
12


conversion (or zero derivation)
word passing from one word
class to another (or several
others) without taking any affix
Morphology 1
13
Adverbs derived from adjectives:
Nouns derived from nouns
Nouns derived from members of other word classes
Adjectives derived from adjectives
Adjectives derived from members of other word classes
Verbs derived from verbs
Verbs derived from members of other word classes
Morphology 1
14

Jill laid the book on the table.


The book lay on the table.
Morphology 1
15





Intransitive
LIE (past lay)
RISE (past rose)
FALL (past fell)
SIT (past sat)
Morphology 1
Transitive
LAY (past laid)
RAISE ( raised)
FELL (past felled)
SET (past set)
16

The transitive verbs are called
CAUSATIVE that is they mean
„cause to X “where X stands for
the meaning of the
corresponding intransitive.
Morphology 1
17

A word and its forms:
INFLECTION
Morphology 1
18





(- s ), (- ed),(-er), are attached to words to
indicate their grammatical functions, for example
number, tense, degree, without involving a full
semantic change (i.e. a change in meaning).
i n f l e x i o n a l morphemes.
paradigm
Inflectionally related word forms are the forms of
the same word
A paradigm is the complete set of related wordforms associated with a given lexeme
Morphology 1
19
LEXEME ?
Morphology 1
20




PERFORM
This pianist performs in the local
hall every week.
Mary told us that this pianist
performed in the local hall every
week.
These pianists perform in the local
hall every week.
Morphology 1
21

PERFORM = LEXEME=an
abstract kind of word of which
the word forms are all
inflectional variants
Morphology 1
22


TELL is a lexeme of told (past
tense of tell )
PIANIST is a lexeme of PIANISTS
(plural of pianist)
Morphology 1
23

Inflection vs. word-formation
Morphology 1
24


inflectional rules - relate different
forms of the same lexeme
word-formation - relate two
different lexemes.
Morphology 1
25


word-formation:
derivation and compounding
Morphology 1
26

Roots in English are mostly free
rather than bound.
Morphology 1
27

How can we tell that a pair of such
roots constitutes a compound
word?
Morphology 1
28
a green house
a greenhouse
Morphology 1
29





Black bóard (board that is black)
bláckboard (board for writing on)
Silk wórm (worm made of silk = toy)
sílkworm(caterpillar that spins silk)
Hair nét (net made of hair)
háirnet ( net for covering hair)
White house (house that is white)
(the) Whíte House
Toy fáctory (factory that is a toy)
tóy factory (factory where toys are
made)
Morphology 1
30

COMPOUNDS
Morphology 1
31


Stress (only compound nouns)
meaning that is more or less
idiosyncratic (unusual) or
unpredictable .
Morphology 1
32







COMPOUND VERBS:
COMPOUND ADJECTIVES
COMPOUND NOUNS
HEADED AND HEADLESS COMPOUNDS
BLENDS AND ACRONYMS
COMPOUNDS CONTAINING BOUND
COMBINING FORMS
PHRASAL WORDS
Morphology 1
33


COMPOUND VERBS:
COMPOUND ADJECTIVES
Morphology 1
34

COMPOUND VERBS
Morphology 1
35







VERB_VERB (VV)
stir-fry, freeze-dry
NOUN –VERB (NV)
hand-wash, air-condition , steam-clean
ADJECITVE-VERB (AV)
dry-clean, whitewash
PREPOSITION-VERB (PV)
underestimate, outrun, overcook
Morphology 1
36

right-headed
Morphology 1
37

COMPOUND ADJECTIVES
Morphology 1
38



NOUN-ADJECTIVE (NA)
sky-high, coal-black, oil-rich
ADJECTIVE-ADJECTIVE (AA)
grey-green, red-hot
PREPOSITION-ADJECTIVE (PA)
underfull, overactive
Morphology 1
39