Transcript (to) Exerceāmus - Magistra Snyder`s Latin Website

Propositum: DWBAT conjugate verbs in the present and perfect systems
and translate according to tense
7/8/14
Facite Nunc:
1. Take out the following handouts for COLLECTION and leave them on
my desk:
1.
2.
Syllabus and Expectations (*Must be SIGNED*)
Noun Case Review
1. Take a packet from the front of a room and take out a black/blue
pen
PENSUM #2:
1. Visit my website for a practice Verb Synopsis:
http://magistrasnyder.weebly.com
1. Bring all of your MATERIALS to class for inspection (Hw Credit)
QUIZ 1: Noun and Case Review
• You have 10 minutes to complete your quiz
• When I call time, pass your quiz forward in
your row
QUIZ 1: Noun and Case Review
1.
insula, insulae f. island
a)
b)
c)
d)
2.
diēs, diēī m. day
a)
b)
c)
d)
3.
st
Declension number: 1
_____
Noun stem: insulGenitive singular form: insulae
Translation: of the island
th
Declension number: 5
_____
Noun stem: diAccusative plural form: diēs
Translation: days
exercitus, exercitūs m. army
a)
b)
c)
d)
4th
Declension number: _____
Noun stem: exercitDative plural form: exercitibus
Translation: to/for the armies
QUIZ 1: Noun and Case Review
4. “egō tamen propter crīmen Sextī ab omnibus
condemnābor- id sciō!,” Lucrētia dīxit.
– Case of Sextī = genitive
– Usage/function of Sextī = possession
– Sentence translation =
“I nevertheless will be condemned by everyone on
account of Sextus’ crime- I know it!,” Lucretia said.
PRESENT SYSTEM
• The tenses in the present system include the
present, the future, and the imperfect. These
tenses belong to what is known as the
‘present system’ because they are all formed
using the Present Stem of a verb.
• Most verbs have 4 principal parts. The Present
Stem comes from the 2nd principal part of a
verb.
– Ex. dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dīctus to say, tell
CONJUGATION NUMBER
-āre
-ēre
-ere
-īre
PRESENT STEM
laudāhabēcapiaudī-
PRESENT ACTIVE PERSONAL ENDINGS
(PAP)
-ō
-s
-t
-mus
-tis
-(u)nt
1) habeō, habēre, habuī, habitus to have
2nd
Conjugation number: ______
habeō
habēs
habet
habēmus
habētis
habent
I have
you have
he/she/it has
we have
you all have
they have
Exerceāmus!
• Independent Work (7 minutes)
– Complete Parts I (conjugations for dūcō, dūcere
and capiō, capere) and II (translation) on pgs. 2
and 3
II. Translate the following forms into
either Latin or English
you love
1. amās
2. inveniunt they find
we attack/seek
3. petimus
I destroy
4. deleō
you all think
5. cogitātis
tenēs/habēs
6. you hold
7. we understand intellegimus
8. they desire cupiunt
curritis
9. you all run
respondeō
10. I respond
PERFECT SYSTEM
(pg. 5)
• The tenses in the perfect system include the
PERFECT, the PLUPERFECT, and the FUTURE PERFECT.
These tenses belong to what is known as the
‘perfect system’ because they are all formed
using the Perfect Stem of a verb, coming from the
3rd principal part.
– Ex. dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dīctus: to say, tell
• The Perfect Stem comes from removing the
“___” from the 3rd principal part.
Exerceāmus!
• Independent Work (20 minutes)
– Complete pgs. 3-9 for ALL other tenses and
practice conjugation charts associated with each
Quiz 2: Verb Review
• Tomorrow’s quiz will be a VERB SYNOPSIS for
the ACTIVE voice only
moveō, movēre, movī, motus to move
you all are
movētis
moved
you all were
movēbātis
movēbāminī being moved
you all will be
movēbitis you all will move movēbiminī
moved
you all were
you all moved
mōvistis
moved
you all had
you all had been
mōtī eratis moved
moved
you all will havemōtī eritis
mōveritis moved
you all move movēminī
movēte!
to move
movērī
to be moved
Move!
movēminī!
Be moved!
Propositum: DWBAT determine the voice of a verb and translate
sentences in English and Latin in both the active and passive voices
7/9/14
Facite Nunc:
1. Take a ‘Passive Voice’ packet from my desk and write your name and
the date at the top
1. Keep all of your MATERIALS on top of your desk for inspection
1. Take out a black/blue pen for your quiz and a red pen for
corrections
PENSUM #3:
1. HW: The Passive Voice (pg. 3 front and back)
Quiz 2: Verb Review
• You have 5 minutes to complete your quiz
• When you are done, switch quizzes with
someone sitting close by and write your
initials at the bottom of their quiz
Quiz 2: Verb Review
facitis
faciēbātis
you all make/do
you all were making
faciētis
fēcistis
you all will make
fēceratis
you all had made
fēceritis
• Each Latin form = 2 pts.
• Each English translation = 1 pt.
you all made
you all will have made
There are 3 main components that are used to describe the
various features of a verb…
1. Tense: describes the _______________
TIME
when a verb occurs
present
– ______________________
= I praise, I am praising, I do praise
future
– ______________________
= I will praise
perfect
– ______________________
= I have praised, I praised, I did praise
imperfect
– ______________________
= I used to praise, I was praising
pluperfect
– ______________________
= I had praised
future perfect
– ______________________
= I will have praised
There are 3 main components that are used to describe the
various features of a verb…
2. Mood: describes the way a verb is conceived or thought of
indicative
– ______________________
= verbs that are certain (did,
do, will happen)
imperative
– ______________________
= commands and orders
subjunctive
– ______________________
= verbs that are uncertain
(may/could/would/should/might happen)
There are 3 main components that are used to describe the
various features of a verb…
3. VOICE: describes whether the action is being done
BY
TO
________
the subject or ________
the subject
ACTIVE
– ______________________
= subject is doing the
action of the verb
PASSIVE
– ______________________
= subject is receiving the
action of the verb
VOICE: Active vs. Passive
– Present Tense
• Active = he/she/it praises (laudat)
• Passive = __________________________
he/she/it is praised
– Perfect Tense
• Active = he/she/it praised, has praised (laudāvit)
he/she/it was praised
• Passive = __________________________
– Imperfect Tense
• Active = he/she/it was praising, used to praise (laudābat)
he/she/it was being praised,
• Passive = __________________________
used to be praised
VOICE: Active vs. Passive
– ONLY __________________________
verbs, or
TRANSITIVE
verbs that take direct objects, can be made
passive
• Ex. I praise the student  The student is praised by me
– INTRANSITIVE verbs do NOT take direct objects and
CANNOT be made passive
• Ex. I run  I am ran (BAD!!!!!)
Formation
– PRESENT SYSTEM
• Present: Present stem + Passive Personal Endings (1st
sg. drops vowel in Pres. stem)
– laudor = I am praised
• Imperfect: Present stem + bā/ēbā + PPE
– laudābar = I was being praised
• Future: Present Stem + bō/bi/bunt OR a/ē + PPE
– laudābor = I will be praised
– dūcar = I will be led
Formation
PERFECT SYSTEM
• Perfect: 4th PP + Present tense of sum, esse
– laudātus/a/um sum = I was praised
• Pluperfect: 4th PP + Imperfect tense of sum, esse
– laudātus/a/um eram = I had been praised
• Future Perfect: 4th PP + Future tense of sum, esse
– laudātus/a/um erō = I will have been praised
Ablative of Agent vs. Ablative of Means
LIVING THINGS
• Use Ablative of Agent with ___________________
and
NON-LIVING THINGS
Ablative of Means with ___________________
• Ablative of Agent = ā/ab + abl. = by _____________
– Ex. ā virīs = by the men
• Ablative of Means = noun in the ablative case (NO
preposition)
– Ex. flammā = by/with a flame
Active to Passive Changes in Latin
Ablative (of Agent/Means)
Subject (nominative)
Passive verb
ENGLISH
• ACTIVE: Fire destroys the city.
• PASSIVE: The city is destroyed by fire.
LATIN
• ACTIVE: ignis urbem dēlet.
• PASSIVE: urbs igne dēlētur.
Exerceāmus!
• Paired Work (15 minutes)
– Complete sentences 1-5, translating all sentences
and answering all relevant questions
Propositum: DWBAT identify and translate pronouns in the 1st, 2nd and
3rd person
7/10/14
Facite Nunc:
1. Take a ‘Introduction to Pronouns’ packet from my desk and write
your name and the date at the top
1. Turn in your Passive Voice HW to my desk
1. Take out a black/blue pen for your quiz and a red pen for
corrections
PENSUM #4:
1. Complete your ‘Introduction to Pronouns’ packet in full, including
the translation of passages
2. + IB ACCELERATORS- Translate Term 4 IA Text
Quiz 3: Passive Voice
• You have 5 minutes to complete your quiz
• When you are done, switch quizzes with
someone sitting close by and write your
initials at the bottom of their quiz
Quiz 3: Passive Voice
– signō deōrum Romulus rēgere urbem electus est.
Ablative, Ablative of Means
• Case and function of signō (4 pts.):
• Tense, person, number, and voice of electus est (4
pts.): perfect, 3rd, sing., passive
Romulus was chosen to rule the city by a sign of the gods
• Translation (10 pts.):
A sign of the gods chose Romulus to rule the city
• Switch voice in English (2 pts.)
signum deōrum
Romulum rēgere
urbem(5elēgit.
• Re-write
the sentence
in Latin
pts.):
THE 3RD PERSON LATIN PRONOUN IS, EA, ID
1) The 3rd Person pronoun is, ea, id is used in Latin to talk about
she
_____________,
_____________,
_____________
in the singular,
he
it
they
and _____________
in the plural.
2) is and its declined forms are used for the
masculine
__________________________
gender.
feminine
ea is used for the __________________________
gender, and id is
neuter
used for the __________________________
gender.
3) Like every Latin noun, these pronouns will DECLINE and appear in
each case according to the grammatical role of the pronoun within
its clause.
4) In situations in which these pronouns appear in cases other than
the nominative, we will need to translate them in English with the
proper _______________________________________
.
case translation
MASCULINE
FEMININE
NEUTER
NOMINATIVE
is
he
ea
she
id
it
GENITIVE
eius
eius
DATIVE
eī
eī
eum
eam
id
eō
eā
eō
ACCUSATIVE
ABLATIVE
eius
eī
Exerceāmus!
• Paired Work (25 minutes)
– Complete all work for is, ea, id in the PLURAL as
well as the 1st and 2nd person pronouns in both
the SINGULAR and the PLURAL
– Before you leave today, pick up a Pronoun
Reference Sheet
Propositum: DWBAT identify and translate relative pronouns in Latin and
English
Facite Nunc:
7/14/14
1. Take a ‘Relative Pronouns’ handout from my desk and write your
name and the date at the top
1. IB ACCELERATORS- Turn in your Term 4 IA Text translation HW to my
desk (Other discipulī – no HW collection today)
1. Take out a piece of looseleaf and a black/blue pen for your quiz
PENSUM #5:
1. Complete your ‘Relative Pronouns’ handout in full
2. Make a study sheet for relative pronouns on looseleaf
3. Go to the website and check and correct in red pen your
translations from the 1st and 2nd personal pronouns packet
Quiz 4: 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Person Pronouns
Copy down and translate the following sentences:
1. Dido Aeneam amāvit, et is eam amāverat.
1. eī oraculum deōrum audīvērunt et ea oracula eōs
terruērunt.
1. Romulus fratrī dīxit “numquam fīdus tibi erō.”
1. cīves Romulō dīxērunt, “tū, rex magnus, ā nōbīs amāris.”
VOCABULARY
•
•
•
•
fīdus, -a, -um: loyal
numquam: never
oraculum, -ī n.: oracle, prophecy
terreō, terrēre, terruī, territus: to frighten,
scare, terrify
• frater, fratris m.: brother
• cīvis, cīvis m./f.: citizen
Quiz 4: 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Person Pronouns
Copy down and translate the following sentences:
1. Dido Aeneam amāvit, et is eam amāverat.
Dido loved Aeneas and he had loved her.
1. eī oraculum deōrum audīvērunt et ea oracula eōs
terruērunt.
They heard the oracle of the gods and these oracles
frightened them.
1. Romulus fratrī dīxit “numquam fīdus tibi erō.”
Romulus said to (his) brother, “I will never be loyal to
you.”
1. cīves Romulō dīxērunt, “tū, rex magnus, ā nōbīs amāris.”
The citizens said to Romulus, “You, great king, will be
loved by us.”
Facite Nunc: Read the sentences below and combine the
following pairs of sentences into a single sentence with two
clauses using the word you see in parentheses:
1. Rome was a newly created republic. Rome had ended
its monarchical government. (which)
Rome was a newly created republic, WHICH had ended its monarchical government
Rome WHICH was a newly created republic, had ended its monarchical government
1. Rome was now a major world power. Rome’s
influence was growing. (whose)
Rome was now a major world power WHOSE influence was growing
2. Hannibal was a great Carthaginian leader. The
Romans hated Hannibal. (whom)
Hannibal was a great Carthaginian leader WHOM the Romans hated.
CLAUSES
• Clause: a grammatical phrase consisting (at least) of a
subject and a verb. A clause can be INDEPENDENT or
DEPENDENT.
– A DEPENDENT clause is a clause that is INCOMPLETE on its own
Ex.
• I ran…
• …to which he responded…
• while you were away…
– An INDEPENDENT clause is a clause that is COMPLETE;
expresses a complete thought, action, or idea
Ex.
• I ran in the marathon.
• I told him “I’ll see you later”, to which he responded, “See you then!”
• While you were away, I redecorated the living room.
• I arrived at 8:00 AM this morning.
Independent or dependent?
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
So I said…
Monkeys LOVE bananas!
Monkeys love.
Bananas.
Yes, bananas.
Ok…I love bananas.
Who’s hungry?
RELATIVE PRONOUNS
Relative Pronoun: a word that stands in for/takes the
place of another noun (PRONOUN) that begins a
DEPENDENT clause and further describes a noun in the
independent clause (RELATIVE).
– Ex. I will give the book, which I just finished reading, to you
tomorrow.
• ‘which’ is a PRONOUN that stands in for the word ‘book’.
• ‘which’ begins the DEPENDENT clause ‘which I just finished reading’
• ‘which’ further describes the word ‘book’ in the independent
clause. It gives more information about the book (it’s not just any
book; it’s a book I’ve just finished reading)
ANTECEDENTS
Antecedent: a word that a relative pronoun refers
back to
(ante = before, cedent  cedō, cedere = to go;
antecedent = the word that goes before)
– Ex. I will give the book, which I just finished reading,
to you tomorrow.
• The antecedent to the relative pronoun ‘which’ is ‘book’.
The relative pronoun ‘which’ is talking about the book I will
give to you tomorrow.
RELATIVE PRONOUNS IN LATIN
Singular
MEMORIZE!
MEMORIZE!
RELATIVE PRONOUNS IN LATIN
Plural
1st, 2nd
1st, 2nd
3rd
1st, 2nd
3rd
RELATIVE PRONOUNS
English Translations
Exerceāmus!
Directions: For each sentence,
Bracket off [ ] the dependent clause in the Latin sentence
Identify the antecedent, its case, number, and use
Translate the independent clause
Identify the relative pronoun, its case, number, and use
Translate the dependent clause
1. Carthāgo, quae urbs in Africā est, fortem
classem habēbat.
Carthāgo = nom., sing., subject
Carthāgo … fortem classem habēbat = Carthage used
to have a strong navy
RELATIVE PRONOUN quae = nom., sing., subject
Dependent Clause
quae urbs in Africā est = which is in Africa
ANTECEDENT
Independent Clause
FINAL = Carthage, which is in Africa, used to have a strong navy.
Notāte bene!!!
• Antecedents and relative pronouns agree in 2
ways- gender and number
• Antecedents and relative pronouns don’t
necessarily agree in case, because relative
pronouns can have a different usage in their
own, dependent clauses
Exerceāmus!
• Paired Work (25 minutes)
– Complete all steps for sentences 2-8
– Write out the final versions of each sentence on a
piece of looseleaf paper
Quiz 4: 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Person Pronouns (MAKE-UP)
Copy down and translate the following sentences:
1. Aeneas filiam rēgis in Italiā amāvit, sed quoque Turnus
eam amāvit.
1. in Italiā nōn pācem, sed bella, invēnērunt, et ea dura
erant.
1. Romulus, Rōmae rex, vōs salutat.
2. ‘Rōmae regem, Romulum, nōs salutāmus!’ cīvēs
dīxērunt.
Propositum: DWBAT differentiate between degrees of adjectives and
adverbs in English and Latin; translate all degrees of adjectives and
adverbs in Latin
Facite Nunc:
7/15/14
1. Take a ‘Comparative and Superlative Adjectives’ handout from my
desk and write your name and the date at the top
1. Take out a piece of looseleaf and a black/blue pen for your quiz
PENSUM #6:
1. Complete the translation of ‘Gaius et Licinia, Vir et Uxor’
2. Complete worksheet ‘Gaius et Licinia: Adverbs and Adjectives’
Quiz 5: Relative Pronouns
•
•
•
•
•
•
Bracket off [ ] the dependent clause in the Latin sentence
Identify the antecedent, its case, number, and use
Translate the independent clause
Identify the relative pronoun, its case, number, and use
Translate the dependent clause
Write a FINAL whole sentence translation
1. Punicī, quōrum copiae decrescēbant, militēs prō eīs
pugnāre conduxērunt.
FINAL sentence:
Quiz 5: Relative Pronouns (Make-Up)
•
•
•
•
•
•
Bracket off [ ] the dependent clause in the Latin sentence
Identify the antecedent, its case, number, and use
Translate the independent clause
Identify the relative pronoun, its case, number, and use
Translate the dependent clause
Write a FINAL whole sentence translation
1. Hannibal, cuius copiae decrescēbant, militēs prō eō
pugnāre conduxit.
FINAL sentence:
Quiz 5: Relative Pronouns
1. Punicī, quōrum copiae decrescēbant, militēs
prō eīs pugnāre conduxērunt.
Punicī = nom., pl., subject
The Carthaginians hired soldiers to fight for them
quōrum = gen., pl., possession
whose supplies were diminishing
FINAL sentence: The Carthaginians, whose supplies were diminishing, hired
soldiers to fight for them.
DEGREES OF ADJECTIVES
• Positive Degree:
denotes a quality of a noun
_____________________________________
__________________________________
– translated as the basic definition of the adjective
• ex. Gaius is a young man.
DEGREES OF ADJECTIVES
• Comparative Degree:
denotes a greater degree of a quality of a noun
____________________________________________
_____________________
– usually translated into English by adding the suffix
“________”
to the end of the adjective; otherwise by
-er
adding the word “ _____________”.
If not being used to
more
directly compare two nouns, translated as
“____________”
rather
• ex. Gaius was younger and more energetic than his brother,
Tiberius.
• Gaius was rather young and energetic.
DEGREES OF ADJECTIVES
• Superlative Degree:
denotes the greatest degree of a quality of a noun
________________________________________
___________________________
-est translated into English by adding the suffix
– usually
“________” to the endmost
of the adjective; otherwise by
adding the word “ _____________”
• ex. Gaius was the youngest and most influential orator in
Rome at this time.
COMPARATIVE ADJECTIVES
Formula:
of adjective (Gen Sing - Ending) + -ior, iōr- + ___
3rd
• STEM _________
decl. endings
• Exception:
– Neuter Nominative and Accusative Singular = STEM + -ius
• nota bene:
– the 3rd declension endings are NOT i-stem (e.g. ablative singular
= -e)
– these 3rd declension endings are added on to any adjective of
any declension (2-1-2 adjectives or 3rd declension adjectives)
Decline celer, celeris, celere quick
in the comparative:
Case
NOMINATIVE SING.
GENITIVE SING.
DATIVE SING.
ACCUSATIVE SING.
ABLATIVE SING.
NOMINATIVE PL.
GENITIVE PL.
DATIVE PL.
ACCUSATIVE PL.
ABLATIVE PL.
MASCULINE, FEMININE
NEUTER
celerior
celerius
celeriōris
celeriōris
celeriorī
celeriorem
celeriore
celeriorēs
celeriorum
celerioribus
celeriorēs
celerioribus
celeriorī
celerius
celeriore
celeriora
celeriorum
celerioribus
celeriora
celerioribus
SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES
Formula:
of adjective
• STEM ______________
(Gen Sing - Ending) + -issim- + -us, -a, -um
– -us = masculine adjectives will decline with 2nd declension endings;
– -a = feminine adjectives will decline with 1st declension endings;
– -um = neuter adjectives will decline with 2nd declension neuter
endings.
• Exceptions: If the stem of the positive-degree adjective ends in -l or
-r, replace -issim- with -illim- and -irrim-, respectively.
– ex. similis, simile (similar) = simillimus, -a, -um (most similar)
– ex. celer, celeris, celere (quick) = celerrimus, -a, -um (quickest)
Decline potēns, potentis powerful
in the superlative:
Case
MASCULINE
FEMININE
NEUTER
NOMINATIVE SING.
potentissimus
potentissima
potentissimum
GENITIVE SING.
potentissimī
potentissimae
DATIVE SING.
potentissimō
potentissimae
ACCUSATIVE SING.
ABLATIVE SING.
NOMINATIVE PL.
GENITIVE PL.
DATIVE PL.
ACCUSATIVE PL.
ABLATIVE PL.
potentissimī
potentissimō
potentissimam potentissimum
potentissimā
potentissimō
potentissimae potentissima
potentissimī
potentissimōrum potentissimārum potentissimōrum
potentissimīs
potentissimīs
potentissimīs
potentissimōs potentissimās
potentissima
potentissimīs
potentissimīs
potentissimīs
potentissimum
potentissimō
EXERCEĀMUS!
Independent Work
• Identify the degree of the adjective; then parse
and translate the noun- adjective pairs. Translate
according to case.
– 8. Change to ‘manuum’
manus, -ūs f. hand
inimicus, -a, -um hostile, enemy
levis, levis, leve light; small; trivial
metus, -ūs m. fear
What is an ADVERB?
adjective
adverb
• An adverb describes a ___________________,
or a verb
_.
• Underline the adverbs in the Latin sentence below and in
its English translation:
Latin
• Opimius malum consilium ibi in domō suō celeriter fēcit
English
• Opimius quickly devised an evil plan there in his home.
,
Positive Degree
– translated as “___________ly” (if derived from an
adjective) or as a basic definition
– ex. Opimius quickly devised a plan there in his home.
Formula:
STEM ___________ (Gen Sing - Ending) + -ē (2-12)/-iter (3rd)
– Ex. fīdus, -a, -um loyal, faithful  fīdē loyally,
faithfully
– potens, potentis powerful  potentiter powerfully
– ferox, ferōcis fierce; cruel; arrogant  ferōciter
fiercely; cruelly; arrogantly
Comparative Degree
– usually translated into English by adding the word
“more ____________” to the adverbs when
making a comparison or “rather
______________” or “too ____________” if no
comparison is being made
ex. Opimius consilium celerius cēpit.
• ex. Opimius devised a plan more quickly (than his
supporters did).
• Opimus devised a plan rather/too quickly.
COMPARATIVE ADVERBS
Formula:
Adjective STEM + -ius
• Ex. fīdus, -a, -um loyal, faithful  fīdius
more loyally, more faithfully
• potens, potentis powerful  potentius more
powerfully
• ferox, ferōcis fierce; cruel; arrogant  ferōcius
more fiercely; more cruelly; more arrogantly
Superlative Degree
– usually translated into English by adding the word
“most____________” to the adverb
– If quam comes before a superlative adverb, it is
translated “as ___________ as possible”
• Ex. Opimius celerrimē consilium cēpit.
– ex. Opimius devised a plan most quickly.
• Ex. Opimius quam celerrimē consilium cēpit.
• Opimius devised a plan as quickly as possible
SUPERLATIVE ADVERBS
• Formula:
Adjective stem + -issimē (-rimē, -limē)
• Ex. fīdus, -a, -um loyal, faithful  fīdissimē
most loyally, most faithfully
• celer, celeris, celere quick, swift celerrimē
most quickly, most swiftly
• facilis, facilis, facile easy  facillimē most easily
IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADVERBS
EXERCEĀMUS
Independent Work
• Complete the graphic organizer below by
filling in either the form, the degree, the root
(positive degree of the) adjective, or
translation of the adverb.
GAIUS ET LICINA, VIR ET UXOR
CONTEXT
•
After the death of his brother Tiberius, Gaius Gracchus
has been elected to the office of tribune of the people with
the hopes of continuing his brother’s legacy and helping
homeless veteran Roman soldiers and the plebian (lower)
class after the Punic wars in the late 2nd century B.C.
•
Another tribune, Opimius, who supported the optimate
(aristocratic) class of society felt threatened by Gaius’
popularity and declared him a threat to the state. The
following text details Gaius’ fear for his life and interaction
with his beloved wife before he sets out to face his enemies
and ultimate fate.
Propositum: DWBAT translate and identify deponent verbs in Latin
Facite Nunc:
7/16/14
1. Take a ‘Deponent Verbs’ handout from my desk and write your
name and the date at the top
1. Take out a piece of looseleaf and a black/blue pen for your quiz
2. Take out a red pen to correct your HW
PENSUM #7:
1. Complete the translation of ‘Gaius’ Flight’
Quiz 6: Comparatives and Superlatives
Translate the following sentences:
1. uxor Gaiī virum perditē nōn cēdere (ē) domō orāvit.
1. Tiberius, quī frater Gaiī erat, ā potentissime senātore
interfectus est.
Vocabulary
perditus, -a, -um desperate
domus, -ī m. house, home
orō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus to beg
potens, potentis powerful
interficiō, interficere, interfēcī, interfectus to kill
GAIUS ET LICINA, VIR ET UXOR
1.
posterō diē Gaius celeriter surrexit tacitissimēque domō cessit.
tamen Licinia, bona
On the next day Gaius rose quickly and left from (his) home
most (extremely) quietly.
2.
uxor, cui mātūtīnissima hora sōlum luctum, nōn pācem, cedēbat,
celerius surrexit et
Nevertheless Licinia, (his) good wife, to whom the earliest
(extremely early) hour was granting grief alone, not peace,
3.
4.
in viā Gaium impedīvit. “ Ō bonus vir, Ō tūtor populī, Ō frāter
sōlus superstes, manē,
rose rather quickly and blocked Gaius in (his) path.
“Oh good husband, (oh) defender of the people, (oh) only
surviving brother, stay, I beg you.
tē orō. crūdēllimē Tiberius ā ferōcissimō senātū interfectus est.
Tiberius was killed most cruelly by the fiercest (an extremely
fierce) senate.
GAIUS ET LICINA, VIR ET UXOR
4.
illīs tū maior odio*
You are a greater (as a) source of to those (men) than (your) brother
5.
quam frāter es, itaque illī tibi perīculōsiōrēs sunt. tē orō- tua
mors minimum
and so those (men) are more dangerous to you.
I beg you – your death will be the least/smallest help to the republic.
6.
auxilium reī pūblicae erit. sī interficeris, speī populus carēbit, et
virō cārissimō carēbō.”
If you are killed, the people will lack hope, and I will lack (my) dearest
husband.”
7.
Gaius, perditē suam uxōrem amāns, tamen ē bracchiīs,
minoribus quam suīs, cessit et
Gaius, loving his wife desperately, still departed from (her) arms,
smaller than his and walked to Rome.
8.
Rōmam ambulāvit.
GAIUS ET LICINA, VIR ET UXOR
ADVERBS AND ADJECTIVES
tacitissimē
celer, celeris, celere rather quickly
celerius
crūdellimē
peditē
most quietly
Superlative
Superlative
Positive
most cruelly
perditus, -a, -um
GAIUS ET LICINA, VIR ET UXOR
ADVERBS AND ADJECTIVES
mātūrīnus
mātūrīnissima
Positive
superstes
ferōcissimō
good
superstes
cruelest
Superlative
maior
magnus
Comparative
Superlative
minoribus
bonus
earliest
perīculōsus
cārus
greater
more dangerous
dearest
smaller
/1/advocatī Opimiī sociōs Gaiī oppugnāvērunt, quī in
urbe conveniēbant.
(conveniō, -īre, convēnī, conventus to gather, meet
Parse oppugnāvērunt: person and number 3rd plural
tense and voice perfect, active
TRANSLATION:
The supporters of Opimius attacked the allies of Gaius,
who were gathering in the city.
/2/ advocatī Opimiī sociōs Gaiī aggressī sunt, quī in urbe
conveniēbant.
[aggressī sunt > to attack]
Parse aggressī sunt: person and number
tense and voice
3rd plural
perfect, passive
TRANSLATION:
The supporters of Opimius were attacked allies of Gaius,
who were gathering in the city.
DEPONENT VERB FORMS
aggredior, aggredī, aggressus sum:
to attack, approach
What is unusual about this dictionary entry?
> the verb has 3 principal parts, instead of 4
passive
> the principal parts all look
> although the verbs look passive
, the
translation of the verb must be
.
active
Deponent Verbs!
• Deponent verbs LOOK different than other verbs
3
because they have ____
principal parts instead of
4
____
passive but are
• Deponent verbs always look ______
active
translated _______ly
passive voice translations for a
• There are NO ______
deponent verbs because deponent verbs don’t
4th principal part
have a _________________.
• Make an analogy! Deponent verbs are like ….
because they look like one thing but are really the
opposite.
Deponent Verb List
3rd io
1st
3rd -io
3rd -io
1st
3rd
4th
3rd io
2nd
3rd
3rd
Independent Work
EXERCEĀMUS!
• Annotate and translate the sentences below.
The underlined verbs are deponent.
EXERCEĀMUS
1. Gaius uxorī aliquid praeter amōrem nōn
pollicērī poterat antequam domō cessit.
Parse pollicērī: tense and voice
present, active
• Translation:
Gaius was not able to promise anything to (his) wife
besides love before he departed from (his) home.
EXERCEĀMUS
2. Licinia, timēns virum interficī poterit, illum in
viā perīculosiore perditissimē impedīre
conābātur.
• Parse conābātur: tense, voice, person,
number imperf., active, 3rd, sing.
• Translation:
Licinia, fearing (her) husband will be able to be killed, was
trying most desperately to stop that (man) in the rather
dangerous street.
EXERCEĀMUS
3. passa Gaiī digressum, Licinia luctū metūque
in terrā cecidit et multum flevit.
• Parse passa:
tense, voice, person, number
perf., active, 3rd, sing.
• Translation:
Having endured Gaius’ departure, Licinia fell on the ground in
grief and fear and wept a lot.
Propositum: DWBAT translate, distinguish, and indentify gerunds and
present active participles
Facite Nunc:
7/17/14
1. Take a ‘Participles and Gerunds’ handout from my desk and write
your name and the date at the top
1. Take out a piece of looseleaf and a black/blue pen for your quiz
PENSUM #8:
1. Complete your ‘Participles and Gerunds’ packet in full
2. ‘HW: Participles’ worksheet
Quiz 7: Deponent Verbs
Translate the following sentence:
amicī Gaiō suadissimē loquēbāntur et eum servāre pollicitī sunt.
Person, number, tense, voice of pollicitī sunt:
Translation:
Vocabulary
Gaius, -ī m. Gaius
suadus, -a, -um persuasive
loquor, loquī, locutus sum to talk, speak
polliceor, pollicērī, pollicitus sum to promise
Quiz 7: Deponent Verbs (MAKE UP)
Translate the following sentence:
Gaius cum amicīs loquēbātur et eī eum servāre pollicitī sunt.
Person, number, tense, voice of loquēbātur:
Translation:
Vocabulary
Gaius, -ī m. Gaius
loquor, loquī, locutus sum to talk, speak
polliceor, pollicērī, pollicitus sum to promise
pugnāre malum est.
infinitive
• pugnāre is an _______________________.
In
noun
this sentence it is acting like a ____________
because it is the subject of the verb ‘est’.
• If this verb is acting like a noun which is the
subject of a sentence, if it were a noun, what
case would it be in?
nominative
________________________
Gerunds
3rd io and 4th conjugations:
Pres. stem + -end + 2nd decl.
endings
-nd
GERUND FORMATION: Pres.
__________
Stem + _______
+ 2nd decl. sing. endings
English Example
CASE
Latin Form
Fighting is bad.
To fight is bad.
NOMINATIVE
Most men weren’t
skilled in the art of
fighting.
GENITIVE
pugnāre
(2 PP)
pugnandī
Roman men are suited
to/for fighting
DATIVE
pugnandō
From an early age
Roman boys practice
fighting.
ACCUSATIVE
pugnandum
The Romans defended
their land by fighting.
ABLATIVE
pugnandō
Decline the following gerund:
audiō, audīre
English Translation
CASE
Latin Form
to hear, hearing
NOMINATIVE
audīre
(2 PP)
GENITIVE
audiendī
to/for hearing
DATIVE
audiendō
(for the purpose of)
hearing
ACCUSATIVE
audiendum
by hearing
ABLATIVE
audiendō
of hearing
PARTICIPLES
Participles are verb forms which act as ADJECTIVES and modify and
AGREE with another noun in GNC
The two we will concentrate on are Perfect Passive and Present
Active.
Perfect Passive Formation: 4th PP of any verb (ex. amātus)
Present Active Formation**: Present Stem + nt + 3rd declension i-stem
endings (ex. amā + nt + is = amāntis)
Future Active Formation: 4th PP – us + -ūrus (ex. amātus – us + ūrus =
amātūrus)
PARTICIPLES
TRANSLATION:
• PERFECT PASSIVE (P3) cōnsul victus the
having been conquered consul; the conquered
consul
• PRESENT ACTIVE (PAP)
the conquering farmer
agricola vincēns
wanting  participle
Hannibal, wanting to surprise the Romans,
crossed the Alps to enter Italy.
Q: In the sentence above, is the word “wanting”
an adjective, verb, a combination of both, or
something else? Briefly justify your answer
Present Active Participle
Hannibal, wanting to cross the surprise the Romans,
crossed the Alps to enter Italy.
– Represents an action that is ONGOING with the main verb
of the sentence
• As Hannibal crossed the Alps, he was at that time continuously
wanting to surprise the Romans
– Shows PRESENT time, or time contemporaneous with the
main verb
• At the time when Hannibal crossed the Alps, he was presently
wanting to surprise the Romans
– Is ACTIVE in voice, the subject performs the action
• The subject, Hannibal, actively wants to do something
Present Active Participle
FORMATION:
Present Stem + nt + 3rd declension adjective endings
Ex. vince + nt + is = vincentis (gen. sg. m/f/n)
(‘of the conquering ______)
TRANSLATION
‘______ing’
EXCEPT Nom. Sg.  present stem (long vowel) + ns
Ex. vincē + ns = vincēns (‘the conquering ______)
‘the conquering general’
Present Active Participle
Case
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
SINGULAR
PLURAL
dux vincēns
ducēs vincentēs
ducis vincentis
ducum vincentium
ducī vincentī
Acc.
ducem vincentem
Abl.
duce vincentī/e
ducibus vincentibus
ducēs vincentēs
ducibus vincentibus
Perfect Passive Participle
FORMATION
4th PP
*Declines like a 2-1-2 adjective
TRANSLATION
‘having been _____ed’ or ‘_____ed’
Ex. dux victus (‘the general having been conquered’
or ‘the conquered general’)
‘the general having been conquered’
or ‘the conquered general’
Perfect Passive Participle
Case
Nom.
SINGULAR
PLURAL
dux victus
ducēs victī
ducis victī
ducum victōrum
Dat.
ducī victō
ducibus victīs
Acc.
ducem victum
ducēs victōs
Abl.
duce victō
Gen.
ducibus victīs
Directions: Manipulate each of the following phrases according
to the directions.
/1/ fratrem amāntem
(change to ABLATIVE) fratre amānte/ī
/2/ agricolae audientī
(change the NUMBER) agricolīs audientibus
/3/ hostis recipientis
(change to PERFECT PASSIVE PARTICIPLE) hostis receptī
/4/ regem dicentem
(change to DATIVE)
/5/ exercitus vincēns
(change the NUMBER)
regī dicentī
exercitūs vincentēs
Directions: Translate the underlined words in each sentence
using a participle.
/1/The consuls, listening to the demands of the enemy,
waited for the terms of the treaty.
consulēs, audientēs
/2/We had no fear of the withdrawing army of
Hasdrubal.
recipientem exercitum Hasdrubalis
/3/Hannibal wondered about the fate of his returning
brother.
redientis fratris
Participles vs. Gerunds
NOUN
pres.
stem
neuter
sing.
2nd
nom.
ADJECTIVE
pres. stem
i
4th
3rd
noun
Decline iubeō, iubēre as a GERUND
iubēndī
iubēndō
(ad) iubēndum
iubēndō
Decline iubeō, iubēre as a PAP:
iubēns
iubēntis
iubēntī
iubēntēs (m./f.)/iubēntia (n.)
iubēntium
iubēntibus
iubēntem (m./f.)/iubēns (n.) iubēntēs (m./f.)/iubēntia (n.)
iubēnte/ī
iubēntibus
Clausal Translation of Participles
• What is a ‘clausal’ translation?
– Translating a participle as if it were a complete clause (as opposed to
“____ing “or “having been ____ed”)
• What are types of clausal translations can I use?
Ex. Hannibal, vincēns (PAP) / Hannibal, victus (PP)
(ex. Hannibal,
conquered)
(ex. Hannibal,
he was conquered)
(ex. Hannibal,
was conquered)
(Ex. Hannibal,
he was conquered).
was conquering/Hannibal,
having been
he was conquering/Hannibal,
he is conquering/Hannibal, because he
he is conquering/Hannibal, although
Rōmānī, victī in proeliō, etiam contrā Punicōs fortiter pugnāvērunt.
(fortis, fortis, forte brave, strong)
a. The Romans, (having been) conquered in battle, still fought bravely against the
Carthaginians. (PARTICIPIAL TRANSLATION)
b. The Romans, who were/had been conquered in battle, still fought bravely against
the Carthaginians. (RELATIVE TRANSLATION)
c. The Romans, after they were conquered in battle, still fought bravely against the
Carthaginians. (TEMPORAL TRANSLATION)
d.
The Romans, because they were conquered in battle, still fought bravely against
the Carthaginians. (CAUSAL TRANSLATION)
e.
The Romans, although they were conquered in battle, still fought bravely against
the Carthaginians. (ADVERSATIVE TRANSLATION)
C
E
The BEST translations are ______
and _______
because
the word etiam (still) in this sentence sets up a contrast for the dependent
clause, making the adversative translation for ‘although’ the best option
exercitus, quattuor bella simul pugnāns, nōn satis dūcum
bonōrum habuit.
(quattuor = IV; simul = at the same time; satis = enough (+GEN.))
a. The army, fighting 4 wars at the same time, did not have enough (of) good
generals. (PARTICIPIAL TRANSLATION)
b. The army, which was fighting 4 wars at the same time, did not have enough (of)
good generals. (RELATIVE TRANSLATION)
c. The army, while/when it was fighting 4 wars at the same time, did not have
enough (of) good generals. (TEMPORAL TRANSLATION)
d. The army, because it was fighting fighting 4 wars at the same time, did not have
enough (of) good generals. (CAUSAL TRANSLATION)
e. The army, although it was fighting fighting 4 wars at the same time, did not have
enough (of) good generals. (ADVERSATIVE TRANSLATION)
B
A
The BEST translations are ______
and _______
because
the sentence describes a quality of the army, not having enough good generals,
and the relative translation expands upon that idea, further describing the
militaristic situation the army is in
Substantive Participles
Participles function like these two parts of
verb
speech: ____________
and ___________.
adjective
Just like all adjectives, participles can be used
substantively: this means that they can stand
alone without an expressed noun. When
translating from Latin to English, an expressed
implied
noun must be ____________.
Latin prefers to
leave out nouns and just imply them when
possible because the sentences become more
concise.
Substantive Adjectives
• An adjective that does not modify a noun, but
stands on its own
• Translate substantive adjectives according to
their GENDER
– Masculine  man/men
– Feminine  woman/women
– Neuter  thing/things
• Ex. omnia ā mē administrata sunt (line 4) = all (things)
were managed by me
Translate the sentences below, with the nouns
modified by participles having been removed:
• ______ causam bellī quaerēns Saguntum petivit.
– What is the GNC of quaerēns? m./f./n sing. nom.
– What word needs to be implied in English for quaerēns to
modify? Using context, we can imply from the subjects of prior sentences,
that this subject should be masculine. We can conclude that ‘he’ or
‘man’ should be implied.
• urbs Rōmae tamen nōn capta est ab _____ volentī
sed timentī capere ….
sing. abl.
– What is the GNC of volentī/timēntī? m./f/n
– What word needs to be implied in English for volentī and
timentī to modify?
Using context, we can imply from the subjects of prior sentences,
that this subject should be masculine. We can conclude that ‘he’ or
‘man’ should be implied.
Facite Nunc: Revisit the ‘Second Punic War Comes to a Close’ passage
you saw on 11/27 and complete the chart below identify the type,
GNC, contextual referent of and translating each substantive participle
from the passage.
vi
vi
Punicīs (line 2)
PAP / PP
masc. nom. pl.
mal
PAP / PP
masc. nom. pl.
Punicīs (line 4)
socia
PAP / PP
masc. abl. pl.
NO REFERENT
they (the
Carthaginians) (havin
been) conquered
they (the
Carthaginians)
preferring
by the
men/soldiers/people
allying (with him)
N.B. Translate substantive participles according to number and
gender If they are contextualized within a passage, looking for
________.
a referent (or expressed noun the substantive is referring to) to
help you translate the word using context.
Ex. victus = masc., sing.  he having been conquered/he
conquered
Hannibal was masc. and sing. (and nom.) in the sentence before
(lines 1-2), so I can infer from the context that the substantive
participle victus refers to him and translate victus as he (Hannibal)
having been conquered or he (Hannibal) conquered.
they (fem.)
pl. gen.
masc. sg. nom.
masc.
sg.
nom.
pl.
gen.
he
she
he awaited
she awaited
of them (having
been) awaited
them (m.) to them
pl.
conquering
by them
them (m.)
conquering
by them
them (f.)
conquered
pl.
pl.
sg.
they leading
they (mas.) of them leading
gen.
nom.
him
they (having
they (m.)
been) recalled
Second Punic War Comes to a Close
1.
interim Hannibal cupiēns pacem ad Āfricam vēnit quamquam multa hostilia ab
2.
Puncīs facta sunt. victus frequentibus proeliīs ā Scīpiōne etiam pācem petēbat.
3.
pax data est hīs condicionibus: victī magis quam XXX nāvēs tenēre nōn
Meanwhile Hannibal desiring peace came to Africa although many hostile (things)
were done by the Carthaginians. (He/the man), having been conquered in
frequent battles by Scipio, was even seeking peace.
Peace was given on these conditions: the conquered (men/Carthaginians)
are not able to have more than 30 ships,
4.
possunt, DC milia argentī pondō solvere et captivōs reddere debent. Punicīs
5.
condiciōnēs displicuērunt. malentēs in bellō manēre iussērunt Hannibalem
(they) ought to pay 600,000 (pounds) by weight of silver and to give back
the captives.
6.
7.
The conditions displeased the Carthaginians. They preferring to remain in
war ordered Hannibal
pugnāre. ā Scīpiōne et eius sociantibus proelium usque ad moenia Carthāginis
to fight. The battle was waged by Scipio and the men/those allying (with
him) all the way to the walls of Carthage.
lātum est.
Part II Directions: List the POSSIBLE GNCs of each participle and
then give translations of each sentence according to each GNC.
2. revocātī redivērunt.
– Possible GNC of revocātī:
masc.,_________,
gen., sg._________
• ________,
masc.,_________,
nom., pl._________
• ________,
– Translate the sentence with revocātī having the GNC in a):
Of the having been recalled (man), they returned (BAD!)
Translate the sentence with revocātī having the GNC in b):
They, having been recalled, returned (GOOD!)
3. revocātōs exspectō.
– GNC of revocātōs:
masc., acc.,
pl.
• ________,
_________,
_________
Translate the sentence:
I am waiting for them, having been recalled.
4. vastāns terram nōn recessit.
– GNC of vastāns:
masc., nom.,
sg.
• ________,
_________,
_________
Translate the sentence:
Ravaging the land, he did not withdraw.
He, ravaging the land, did not withdraw.
6. hostēs nuntium vastantī terram dedērunt.
GNC of vastantī:
sg.
dat.
masc., _________,
_________
Translate the sentence:
The enemies gave a message to him, ravaging the land.
7. audentēs deus iuvat. (Ovid)
(audeō, audēre, ausus sum = to be bold, to be daring; iuvō, iuvāre,
iūvī, iūtus = to help; to assist)
GNC of audentēs:
pl.
acc.
masc., _________,
_________
Translate the sentence:
The god helps them (those who are) (being) bold/daring.
8. dūcunt volentem fāta, nōlentem trahunt. (Seneca the
Younger)
(fātum, fātī, n. = fate; trahō, trahere, traxī, tractum = to
drag)
– GNC of volentem, nōlentem:
sg.
acc.
masc., _________,
_________
Translate the sentence:
The fates lead him (the man who is) wanting, they drag
him not wanting.
Scīpiōnī nuntius nuntium dedit: Punicī Hannibalem
revocāvērunt. revocantēs ducem cōndicionēs pācis ā
Rōmānīs accipere nōn potuerant. vastāns omnia in
Africā pugnāre volēbat et trānseuntem mare Romā
avidē exspectāvit.
Romā = ē/ā Romā
(cōndicio, cōndiciōnis f.: condition; accipiō, accipere, accēpī, acceptus:
to accept, welcome, receive; avidē: eagerly, greedily)
Translation:
A messenger gave a message to Scipio: the Carthaginians
recalled Hannibal. They (the Carthaginians) recalling (their) leader
had not been able to accept the conditions from the Romans.
He (Scipio) ravaging all things in Africa was wanting to fight
and eagerly waited for him (Hannibal) crossing the sea
from Rome.
Propositum: DWBAT translate and indentify ablative absolutes
Facite Nunc:
7/22/14
1. Take a ‘Ablative Absolutes’ handout from my desk and write your
name and the date at the top
2. Turn in your ‘HW: Participles’ worksheet in the blue folder
1. Take out a piece of looseleaf and a black/blue pen for your quiz
PENSUM #9:
1. Complete your ‘Ablative Absolutes’ packet in full- translation of
‘Tiberius’ Speech’ on the last page
Quiz 8: Participles
Translate the following sentence:
Hannibal, cupiēns pācem quamquam multa hostilia ā Puncīs
facta erant, in Āfricā vēnit.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Identify the participle and its GNC: cupiēns, masc., sg., nom.
PAP or PPP? PAP
Translate the participle RELATIVELY: Hannibal, who was wanting
Sentence Translation:
Hannibal, who was wanting peace although many hostile (things) had been done by
the Carthaginians, arrived in Africa.
Vocabulary
Hannibal, Hannibalis m. Hannibal
quamquam although
hostilis, hostilis, hostile to talk, speak
cupiō, cupere, cupivī, cupitus to want, desire
Punicus, -a, -um Carthaginian
Manciō belligerantī, Tiberius
Gracchus quaestor in exercitū erat.
• What case is the participle in this sentence in?
ablative
________________
Mancius belligerāns Tiberius Gracchus
quaestor in exercitū erat.
• What problem do we have with the sentence
now? The sentence doesn’t make sense grammatically
because there are two subjects and a singular verb
ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE (AA)
• a phrase in the
ablative
_____________________________case
which
consists of both a
• noun and a participle . It is called an
‘absolute’ because it is ‘loosened’ or ‘released’
(absolvō, absolvere to release, free) from the
grammatical content of the rest of the
sentence, although it does relate to the rest of
the sentence contextually.
Manciō belligerantī, Tiberius
Gracchus quaestor in exercitū erat.
• Strict/adjectival: (With) Mancius waging war,
Tiberius Gracchus was quaestor in the army.
•
•
•
•
Temporal: AFTER/WHEN/WHILE Mancius (was) waging war, TG was quaestor…
Relative: Mancius WHO (was) waging war, Tiberius Gracchus was quaestor…
Causal: BECAUSE Mancius (was) waging war, TG was quaestor…
Adversative: ALTHOUGH Mancius (was) waging war, TG was quaestor…
• Which translation does NOT work for Ablative Absolutes?
RELATIVE
Exerceāmus!
ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE PRACTICE
1. exercitū victō, Mancius per noctem suōs mīlitēs
relinquit et eī ā hostibus oppugnātī sunt.
(exercitus, -ūs m.: army; relinquō, relinquere, relinquī, relictus: to abandon,
leave behind; oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack,
besiege)
– What type of participle is in the AA?
PAP / P3
– Translate the AA as a temporal clause:
After the army was defeated,
Mancius abandoned his soldiers during the night and they
were attacked by (their) enemies.
Exerceāmus!
• Complete #2-4
– Bracket off the Ablative Absolute
– ID the participle
– Translate the AA according to the directions
– Translate the sentence in full
2. Tiberiō respectō, Numantīnī foedus pacis
cum Rōmānīs mīlitibus consensērunt.
(Numantīnus, -a, -um: Numantine (person from Numantia); foedus, foederis n.:
treaty, pact; respiciō, respicere, respexī, respectus: to respect, consider; consentiō,
consentīre, consensī, consensus: to agree to, consent)
Because Tiberius was respected, the Numantines
agreed to a treaty of peace with the Roman soldiers.
3. foedere signatō, Numantīnī Tiberium
in urbem ad epulum praedamque dandum
invitāvērunt.
(signō, signāre, signāvī, signātus: to sign, stamp; epulum, -ī n.: feast, banquet; invitō, āre, -āvī, -ātus: to invite)
After the treaty was signed, the Numantines invited
TIberius into (their) city for the purpose of giving
(him) a feast and spoil(s).
HW
4. After peace was made, Tiberius returned to
Rome without spoils but with only incense
(having been) taken from the Numantines.
(incensum, -ī n.: incense; modō: only)
pāce factā,
Tiberius Rōmam
incensō captō ex Numantiīs
sine praedā sed
modō
redīvit.
STATIM
• An ablative absolute is a phrase in the
_____________________
case consisting of a
ablative
participle
noun
_______________
and a ___________________
that is
grammatically ‘loosened’ from the rest of the sentence.
• Ablative absolutes typically come at the beginning
sentence
of a
• Ablative absolutes are INDEPDENT / DEPENDENT clauses
(circle one)
• Ablative absolutes can be BEST translated with temporal ,
causal , or adversative clausal translations
Exerceāmus!
• Complete #1-3
– Bracket off the Ablative Absolute
– ID the participle
– Translate the AA according to the directions
– Translate the sentence in full
1. multā praedā oblatā, Tiberius tamen modō
chartās dē bellō ā Numantīnō duce accipere
optābat.
(modō: only; charta, -ae f.: record, ledger; obferō, obferre, obtulī, oblata: to
offer)
– What type of participle is in the AA?
PAP/P3
– Translate the participial phrase as an adversative
clause:
Although much loot was offered,
Tiberius still was only wanting to receive the records
about the war from the Numantian leader.
2. pāce factā, Tiberius cum mīlitibus veteribus
Manciī ā Hispaniā Rōmam redīvit.
– What type of participle is in the AA?
PAP/P3
– Translate the participial phrase as a causal clause:
Because peace was made,
Tiberius returned to Rome from Hispania with Mancius’
veteran soldiers.
3. Tiberiō Rōmam redeunte*, nuntium eventōrum
in Numantiā inter populum Rōmae dilatum est.
• (*redeunte  from redeō, redīre; eventum, -ī n. event, outcome, result;
differrō, differe, distulī, dilatus: to spread, publish, disperse)
– What type of participle is in the AA?
PAP/P3
– Translate the participial phrase as a temporal clause:
When/while Tiberius was returning to Rome,
a message of (about) the events in Numantia was
spread among the people of Rome.
TIBERIUS GRACCHUS RŌMĀNŌ
POPULŌ ORATIŌNEM DAT
1. lacrimīs cadentibus, Tiberius Gracchus, tribūnus, prae
With tears falling/while tears were falling,
Tiberius Gracchus, the tribune, stood before the council of the Plebs
2.
3.
Conciliō Plebis stetit dixitque, “etiam humillimae ferae per
and said, “Even the basest/lowest beasts (who were) wandering
through
montēs Ītaliae errāntēs antra cavernāsque habitābant, sed
the mountains of Italy used to inhabit caves and caverns, but (now)
4.
nostrī fortissimī prō Ītaliā pugnantēs et pereuntēs tectīs
our strongest (men) (who have) fought and died on behalf of Italy
5.
carent.
lack homes.
Additional Vocabulary
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
ager, agrīs m.: land, field, farm
perdō, perdere, perdidī, perditus: to lose, destroy, waste
nunc: now
crūdelis, -is, -e: cruel, harsh
fatum, –ī n.: fate
lex, legis f.: law
sōlum: only
terror, terroris m.: terror, fear
paucus, -a, -um: few, little
homō, hominis m.: man
solvō, solvere, solvī, solutus: to pay
intellegō, intellegere, intellexī, intellectus: to understand
‘TIBERIUS GRACCHUS RŌMĀNŌ POPULŌ ORATIŌNEM DAT
9. mīlitēs agrōs ā sibi victōs habitāre
10. nōn possunt. Ō, crūdēlem fātum! lēgibus condītīs ita,
11. sōlum dominī stīpendia solvunt et in exercitum
12. cōnscribunt. plūrimīs agrīs sūmptīs ā paucīs, nostrī liberī
13. dominī numquam esse poterunt, et quōmodo stīpendia
14. mīlitēsque patria adquīret, prō multitūdine hominum?
15. istum terrōrem intelligere nōlēmus?
Propositum: DWBAT translate and indentify ablative absolutes
Facite Nunc:
7/22/14
1. Take a ‘Demonstratives’ handout from my desk and write your name
and the date at the top
1. Take out a piece of looseleaf and a black/blue pen for your quiz
1. After the quiz is over, take out your HW and a red pen for
corrections
PENSUM #10:
1. Complete your ‘Demonstratives’ packet in full- translation of
‘DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES IN CONTEXT’ on the last page
Quiz 9: Ablative Absolutes
agrīs perditīs, multī fortissimōrum mīlitum sine
tectīs per Ītaliam nunc errant.
1.
2.
Bracket off the ablative absolute
Translation:
Vocabulary
perdō, perdere, perdidī, perditus to lose; ruin, waste
fortis, fortis, forte strong; brave
tectum, -ī n. house, home
errō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus to wander, roam
TIBERIUS GRACCHUS RŌMĀNŌ
POPULŌ ORATIŌNEM DAT
1. lacrimīs cadentibus, Tiberius Gracchus, tribūnus, prae
With tears falling/while tears were falling,
Tiberius Gracchus, the tribune, stood before the council of the Plebs
2.
3.
Conciliō Plebis stetit dixitque, “etiam humillimae ferae per
and said, “Even the basest/lowest beasts wandering through
montēs Ītaliae errāntēs antra cavernāsque habitābant, sed
the mountains of Italy used to inhabit caves and caverns, but (now)
4.
nostrī fortissimī prō Ītaliā pugnantēs et pereuntēs tectīs
our strongest (men) (who have) fought and died on behalf of Italy
5.
carent.
lack homes.
4. itaque nostra urbs est
And so our city is
5. plēna prandium ōrantium cum uxōribus et liberīs quī nihil
full of (men) begging for food with wives and children who have
6. vestīmentum praeter pellēs habent.
nothing (no) clothing except their skin(s).
7.
agrīs perditīs, nunc novam terram ā Rōmā in bellō
captam
After (their) lands were lost, the optimates now buy new land
8.taken
optimātēs
emunt.
by Rome in
war.
‘TIBERIUS GRACCHUS RŌMĀNŌ POPULŌ ORATIŌNEM DAT
9. mīlitēs agrōs ā sibi victōs habitāre
Soldiers are not able to inhabit the lands conquered (won) by themselves
(which they won).
10. nōn possunt. Ō, crūdēlem fātum! lēgibus condītīs ita,
Oh cruel fate! Because the laws have been established in this way,
11. sōlum dominī stīpendia solvunt et in exercitum
only landowners pay taxes and enlist in(to) the army.
12. cōnscribunt. plūrimīs agrīs sūmptīs ā paucīs, nostrī liberī
Because most (of) the lands have been taken by a few (men),
13. dominī numquam esse poterunt, et quōmodo stīpendia
our children will never be landowners, and how will (our) fatherland
14. mīlitēsque patria adquīret, prō multitūdine hominum?
acquire taxes and soldiers, for the multitude of men?
15. istum terrōrem intelligere nōlēmus?
Do we not wish to understand this terror?
What is a Demonstrative Adjective?
• Demonstrative: this grammar term derives from
demonstrāre (to show, point out) and indicates words
translated as “this”, “that” and “itself”.
• Adjective: Modifies a noun and therefore matches that
gender
noun grammatically in ____________________,
number
case
____________________
and ____________________.
•
• What are the Demonstrative Adjectives in Latin?
this (sg.)/these (pl.)
• hic, haec, hoc = __________________________
that (sg.)/those (pl.)
• ille, illa, illud = __________________________
• ipse, ipsa, ipsum = __________________________
himself/herself/itself (sg.)/themselves (pl.)
hāc
hae
haec (x3)
hanc
hārum
hās
hī
hic
hīs (x6)
hoc (x2)
SINGULAR- ‘that’
hic
huius
huic
hunc
hōc
haec hoc
huius huius
huic huic
hanc hoc
hōc
hāc
hōc (x2)
hōrum (x2)
hōs
huic (x3)
huius (x3)
hunc
PLURAL- ‘those’
hae
hī
haec
hōrum hārum hōrum
hīs
hīs
hīs
haec
hōs
hās
hīs
hīs
hīs
ille, illa, illud- that (sg.), those (pl.)
ille
illīus
illī
illum
illō
illa
illīus
illī
illa
illā
illud
illīus
illī
illud
illō
illī
illōrum
illīs
illōs
illīs
illae
illārum
illīs
illās
illīs
illa
illōrum
illīs
illa
illīs
ipse, ipsa, ipsum – himself, herself, itself
ipse
ipsīus
ipsī
ipsum
ipsō
ipsa
ipsīus
ipsī
ipsam
ipsā
ipsum
ipsīus
ipsī
ipsum
ipsō
ipsae ipsa
ipsī
ipsōrum ipsārum ipsōrum
ipsīs
ipsīs
ipsīs
ipsōs
ipsās
ipsa
ipsīs
ipsīs
ipsīs
Exerceāmus!
Demonstrative Adjective-Noun Pairs
Part I: Parse and translate the following nounadjective pairs. Make sure to translate
according to case.
Change captivī to captivō in #5
captivus, -ī m. captive, hostage
proelium, -ī n. battle
nuntius, -ī m. messenger
masc., sg., nom.
masc., sg., gen.
fem., sg., acc.
masc., sg., dat.
masc., pl., dat.
masc., pl., abl.
that captive
of that enemy
this city
to this captive
to these brothers
by these brothers
masc., sg., nom. the messenger himself
masc., pl., gen. of the enemies themselves
masc., pl., dat. to these battles
masc., pl., abl. with these battles
masc., sg., abl.
with the battle itself
1. pauperibus potestātem bonae vītae haec lex praestābat.
This law was presenting the opportunity of a good life to the poor.
1. Tiberius ipse cōpias agrōsque iam tenuit.
Tiberius himself already held supplies and lands.
2. illī virī sine agrīs in exercitum conscribere nōn poterant.
Those men were not able to enlist into the army without lands.
3. Tiberius hōc consiliō multōs iuvāre poterit.
Tiberius will be able to help many (men) with this plan.
STATIM
1.
2.
3.
4.
hī virī
these men (nom.) __________________
ipsum stīpendium
the tax itself (nom.) __________________
illīus lēgis
of that law __________________
hīs consiliīs
by these plans __________________
DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES USED
SUBSTANTIVELY
• Demonstrative Adjectives are adjectival; therefore, they
modify
________________
nouns and they agree with those
GENDER
NUMBER
nouns in 3 things:
________________,
________________
andCASE
_________________.
• Demonstrative Adjectives, like all adjectives, can stand
alone in a sentence, and the noun being modified must be
substantive
implied. Here, they function as ________________
Demonstrative Adjectives.
– Substantive Adjectives can imply a word from earlier context OR
a “general” noun.
– You can infer what “general” noun can be implied by
number
determining the substantive adjective’s ________________
and
gender
_________________.
man personor ________/________
men people
– A masculine adjective implies ________/________
women
– A feminine adj. implies woman
________/________
thing things
– A neuter singular adj. implies ________/________
Tiberius Gracchus cum III ducibus valentibus convēnit et ā
hīs ūnā Lex Sempronia Āgrāria prōposita est.
a) Substantive Demonstrative Adjective: hīs
b) Translation:
Tiberius Gracchus met with 3 (powerful) leaders (who were) powerful
and the Lex Sempronia Agraria was proposed together by these
(men/leaders).
c) Noun Implied: men/leaders
SUBSTANTIVE DEMONSTRATIVE
ADJECTIVES
Translate and answer questions for #2-6
DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES IN CONTEXT
1. rēs novās senātōrēs timēbant, et Tiberius Gracchus, hunc
The senators were afraid of revolution(s), and Tiberius Gracchus, recognizing
2. cognōscēns, illīs suam lēgem nōn tulit. ad illōs vītandum
this, did not bring his law to those (senators).
For the purpose of (in order to) avoid those (senators)
3. consensum Conciliī Plebis ipsius petīvit. lēge nōn violātā,
he sought the approval of the Council of the Plebs itself.
Although the law had not been broken,
4. tamen hic illōs senātōrēs offendēbat. deinde lacessītī
still this (man) was offending those senators (though this action) .
Then they, having been provoked, responded with this (statement):
5. respondērunt hōc: ullus tribunus lātiōnem vetāre potest et haec
any tribune is able to avoid a voting (vote) and
this (vote) will not be able to be brought before the Coucil of the Plebs.
6. prae Conciliō Plebis nōn ferrī poterit. statim illī M. Octaviō, alterō
Immediately
7.
tribunō, intercessionem adsumere persuāsērunt et lātiō ipsius
8.
Tiberiī Gracchī vetāta est. sed hic tribunus consilium capiēbat...
Propositum: DWBAT distinguish between direct and indirect speech in
English and Latin
Facite Nunc:
7/23/14
1. Take a ‘Introduction to Indirect Speech’ handout from my desk and
write your name and the date at the top
2. Take a ‘Latin II Summer Session Vocabulary List’ from my desk and
write your name on it
1. Take out a piece of looseleaf and a black/blue pen for your quiz
PENSUM #11:
1. Complete your ‘Indirect Speech’ packet through pg. 7 (stop at
‘Indirect Speech and Relative Time’
2. Check and correct your ‘Demonstratives in Context’ translation
based on the answer key on the website
Quiz 10: Demonstratives
1.
senātōribus rēs novās timēntibus, Tiberius
Gracchus hanc lēgem illīs nōn proposuit.
a) Identify the substantive demonstrative:
b) Noun implied:
c) Sentence translation:
Vocabulary
rēs novae, -ērum ārum f. pl. revolution
timeō, timēre, timuī, ---- to fear
lex, lēgis f. law
proponō, proponere, proposuī, propositus to propose, introduce
Direct vs. Indirect Speech
1. What is direct speech?
Direct quotations that report speech or thought in its original form
2. What is indirect speech?
The expression of speech or thought NOT in its original form, but
restated, without using quotations
3. When would an author want to use direct
speech vs. indirect speech?
DIRECT- primary source, dialogue
DIRECT- secondary source, analysis/inference
4. In English, what word do we use to signify a
transition into indirect speech?
“that”
Direct  Indirect Speech
DIRECT SPEECH4
1
2
3
Marius avidissimē dīxit, “ego dūx melior Metellō sum.”
Marius most passionately said, “I am a better leader than Metellus.”
1b
1. Quotation marks (“ ”) disappear
1b. Latin has no word for “that”
2. Nominative subject  Accusative
3. conjugated verb  infinitive (SAME TENSE!)
INDIRECT SPEECH
4 1 2
3
Marius avidissimē dīxit sē dūcem meliorem Metellō esse.
Marius most passionately said that he was a better leader than Metellus.
1b
4. A HEAD VERB (of sensing, perceiving, understanding) indicates
that indirect speech is beginning
Ex. he said THAT…
Head Verbs
• Verbs of sensing, perceiving, or understanding
after which the word “that” naturally follows
–
–
–
–
–
I know that…
you see that…
we recognize that…
she said that…
they heard that…
• In order to have indirect speech, you MUST have
a head verb that begins it
HEAD
VERBS
cognoscere
sentīre
audīre
dīcere
nuntiāre
Direct  Indirect Speech in LATIN
• Write down the following sentence in your notes
and change it from direct to indirect speech.
– DIRECT:
• Marius clamāvit, “brevī tempore Iugurtham capere possum.”
– INDIRECT:
• Marius clamāvit / sē brevī tempore Iugurtham capere posse.
Cogitāte…
Why are we using the pronoun “sē” to say “he” and NOT “eum”?
STATIM
Recall these 4 important features of indirect speech sentence
structure in Latin:
HEAD
• Indirect speech is introduced by ___________
verbs
that
• The word “___________________”
does not exist in Latin
sentences with indirect speech, so it must implied when
translating from Latin to English.
• The subject in indirect speech is in the accusative
________ case
infinitive
• The verb in indirect speech is in its ___________
mood
Head Verb or Not?
(Or it depends?)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
pollicērī – to promise
cognoscere – to understand
cupīre – to desire
vincere – to conquer
ambulāre – to walk
cēdere – to go, leave
arbitrārī – to judge
esse – to be
scribere – to write
mittere – to send
consentīre – to agree
HEAD VERB
HEAD VERB
COULD BE!
NOT
NOT
NOT
HEAD VERB
NOT
COULD BE!
NOT
HEAD VERB
EXERCEĀMUS!
1. Marius arbitrābatur sē dūcem meliorem quam
Metellum reī pūblicae esse.
• Circle one:
Direct Speech
• Translation: Marius was judging that
for the republic than Metellus.
Indirect Speech
he was a better leader
Exerceāmus!
• Complete sentences #2-7
– Decide whether each sentence is indirect or direct
speech
– Translate each sentence
sauciō, sauciāre, sauciāvī, sauciātus = to wound
sauciāre
sauciārī
to wound
to be wounded
sauciāvisse
sauciātum esse
to have wounded
sauciātūrum esse
to be going
to/about to
wound
to have been wounded
UNDERSTANDING THE INFINITIVE
• What word is including in the translation of ALL infinitives?
to
_____________________
• What 2 tense and voice combinations of the infinitive include the
present infinitive of esse?
perfect passive
– ___________________________________________
– __________________________________________
future active
• What tenses of the infinitive do not exist in Latin?
imperfect
– ___________________________
pluperfect
– ___________________________
future perfect
– ___________________________
• Why do you think that there are only 3 tenses of infinitives in Latin?
Why would only these 3 tenses have infinitive forms and not the
others?
present, future, and perfect tenses represent present,
• The
_______________________________________________________
future,
and past time. The other 3 tenses represent time that is
_______________________________________________________
relative to these 3 central tenses so they do not possess their
own infinitives.
RULES FOR FORMING AND TRANSLATING THE INFINITIVE
•
•
•
•
•
Present Active 
Present Passive 
Perfect Active 
Perfect Passive 
Future Active 
2nd PP
2nd pp – e + ī*
Perf. stem + -isse
“to __________”
“to be _____ed”
“to have ____ed”
4th PP + esse
“to have been ____e
4th PP – us + ūrus + “to be about to ____
esse
*For 3rd conjugation, 2nd PP – ere + ī
expellō, expellere, expulsī, expulsus
to expel, drive out
expellere
expellī
to drive out
to be driven out
expulsisse
to have driven
out
expulsūrum esse
to be about to
drive out
expulsum esse
to have been
driven out
Propositum: DWBAT translate indirect speech in Latin with a variety of
tenses for head verbs and infinitives
Facite Nunc:
7/24/14
1. Take out your ‘Introduction to Indirect Speech’ handout
2. Take out your ‘Latin II Summer Session Vocabulary List’
1.
You may use this list for this quiz and all quizzes next week
1. Take out a piece of looseleaf and a black/blue pen for your quiz
PENSUM #12:
1. Complete your ‘HW: Indirect Speech Practice’ (last page of your
packet)
Quiz 11: Indirect Speech
1. Rōmānī sciunt Marium celeriter illōs barbarōs
vincere velle.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Identify the head verb:
ID the subject accusative:
ID the infinitive in indirect speech:
Sentence translation:
Vocabulary
volō, velle, voluī, ----- to wish, want
barbarus, -a, -um barbarian
Marius, -ī m. Marius
Quiz 11: Indirect Speech (MAKE-UP)
1. Marius scit Romānōs celeriter hōs barbarōs
vincere velle.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Identify the head verb:
ID the subject accusative:
ID the infinitive in indirect speech:
Sentence translation:
Vocabulary
volō, velle, voluī, ----- to wish, want
barbarus, -a, -um barbarian
Marius, -ī m. Marius
RELATIVE TIME
• The present infinitive indicates the SAME time as that of
the head verb
– Marius dīcit sē Iugurtham capere. Marius says that he captures
Jugurtha.
• The perfect infinitive indicates time BEFORE that of the
head verb
– Marius dīcit sē Iugurtham cēpisse. Marius says that he captured
Jugurtha.
• The future infinitive indicates time AFTER that of the head
verb
– Marius dīcit sē Iugurtham captūrum esse. Marius says that he
will capture Iugurtha.
dēlēre
dēlērī
dēlēvisse
dēlētam esse
dēlētūrum esse
1. Marius believes that the Numidian king can be destroyed
easily with him as general.
– Latin Infinitive:dēlērī
– Relative Time infinitive shows to head verb: SAME
2. The Roman people remember that Carthage was not
destroyed without years of war.
– Latin Infinitive: dēlētam esse
– Relative Time infinitive shows to head verb: BEFORE
3. The Romans know that Marius will destroy Jugurtha in
war.
– Latin Infinitive: dēlētūrum esse
– Relative Time infinitive shows to head verb: AFTER
dēlēre
dēlērī
dēlēvisse
dēlētam esse
dēlētūrum esse
4. The soldiers recognize that Marius is destroying
all enemies in his path.
– Latin Infinitive: dēlēre
– Relative Time infinitive shows to head verb: SAME
5. The Roman army remembers that it destroyed
the camps of a Numidian leader during the
Punic Wars.
– Latin Infinitive: dēlēvisse
– Relative Time infinitive shows to head verb: BEFORE
dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, dūctus: to lead
dūcere
dūcī
to lead
to be led
dūxisse
dūctum esse
to have led
dūctūrum esse
to be about to lead
to have been led
Indirect Speech and Relative Time
PRESENT
• An infinitive in the ___________________
tense indicates the SAME time as that of the
head verb
PERFECT
• An infinitive in the ___________________
tense indicates time BEFORE that of the head
verb
FUTURE
• An infinitive in the ___________________
tense indicates time AFTER that of the head
verb
Translating Indirect Speech
“___ed”, “was ___ing”
“will ___”
“____ed”, “was ___ing”
“had ___ed”
“was ___ed”, “was being
_____ed”
“will be___ed”
“was ___ed”, “was being
_____ed”
“had been___ed”
“would ____”, “would be “would be____ed”, “would
____ing”
be being ____ed”
1. fabula est VII ova aquilae inventa ā Mariō praedīxisse
eum consulātum VII annōs tentūrum esse.
– Tense of head verb:
____present____________________
• Translation : ____The story is_________________
– Tense, voice of infinitive #1:
_________________________
perf. active
predicted/foretold
• Translation #1: _________________________________
– Tense, voice of infinitive #2:
_________________________
future active
would hold
• Translation #2: _________________________________
– Sentence Translation: The story is that
7 eagle’s eggs found by Marius predicted
that he would hold the consulship for 7 years.
2. dūx clarissimus, Scipio Africanus, putābat sē Marium
successorem dīctūrum esse.
imperfect
– Tense of head verb: ________________________
was thinking
• Translation: _________________________________
– Tense, voice of infinitive:
future active
_________________________
would appoint
• Translation: _________________________________
– Sentence Translation:
The most famous general, Scipio Africanus, was thinking that
he would appoint Marius (as) his successor.
3. populus Rōmānus scīvit Marium nōn faciē ipsā sed factīs
celebrioribus quam illīs competitorum designāre.
perfect
– Tense of head verb: ________________________
knew
• Translation: _________________________________
– Tense, voice of infinitive:
present active
_________________________
elected
• Translation: _________________________________
– Sentence Translation: The Roman people knew that
they elected Marius not by (because of) his appearance
itself but by (his) accomplishments more famous than
those of (his) rivals.
teneō, tenēre, tenuī, tentus: to hold
tenēre
tenērī
to hold
to be held
tenuisse
to have held
tentūrum esse
to be about to hold
tentum esse
to have been held
EXERCEĀMUS!- RELATIVE TIME IN INDIRECT SPEECH
• For each of the following sentences, identify
the tenses of both the head verb and the
infinitive and translate each verb, then
translate the sentence in full.
a) Marius sperat sē consulātum multōs annōs tentūrum esse.
– The head verb sperat is in the
PRESENT tense, so the
infinitive, tentūrum esse , in the FUTURE
tense, is
translated as “ will hold “.
Marius hopes that he will hold the consulship for many years.
a) Marius sperāvit sē consulātum multōs annōs tentūrum esse.
– The head verb sperāvit is in the PERFECT
tense, so the
infinitive, tentūrum esse , in the FUTURE
tense, is
translated as “ would hold “.
Marius hoped that he would hold the consulship for many years.
a) Marius sperābit sē consulātum semel saltem tenēre.
– The head verb sperābit is in the FUTURE
tense, so the
infinitive, tenēre
, in the PRESENT
tense, is
translated as “ will hold
“.
Marius will hope that he will hold the consulship at least once.
EXERCEĀMUS!- RELATIVE TIME IN INDIRECT SPEECH
• For each of the following sentences, identify
the tenses of both the head verb and the
infinitive and translate each verb, then
translate the sentence in full.
EXERCEĀMUS!- RELATIVE TIME IN INDIRECT SPEECH
4. Marius, tribunus plebis electus, scīvit sē
tribūnātum beneficō Metellī adeptum esse.
– Tense of head verb: perfect
• Translation :
knew
perfect active
– Tense, voice of infinitive: ____________________
had won
• Translation: _________________________________
– Sentence Translation:
Marius, having been elected tribune of the plebs, knew that
he had won the tribunate by the support of Metellus
EXERCEĀMUS!- RELATIVE TIME IN INDIRECT SPEECH
5. lēgem, quae dīxit optimātēs inspiciendō
tabellās ēlectiōnibus intervenīre nōn iam
posse, Marius sanxit.
– Tense of head verb: ________________________
perfect
said
• Translation: _________________________________
active
– Tense, voice of infinitive: present
____________________
were able
• Translation: _________________________________
– Sentence Translation:
Marius passed a law which said that
the optimates were no longer able to interfere with
elections by inspecting ballots.
EXERCEĀMUS!- RELATIVE TIME IN INDIRECT
SPEECH
6. nōn intellegēbat sē Metellum sanciendō
hanc lēgem ā sē dīvulsūrum esse.
imperfect
– Tense of head verb: ________________________
was understanding
• Translation: _________________________________
active
– Tense, voice of infinitive: future
____________________
would alienate
• Translation: _________________________________
– Sentence Translation:
He was not understanding that
he would alienate Metellus from him by passing this law.
Exit Ticket
• Tear off pg. 3 from your ‘Indirect Speech and
Relative Time (Pars 2)’ packet for collection
Marius’ law stated that it was illegal for the
wealthy to harass citizens casting* their ballots.
adscripsit
Head verb = ____________
esse
Infinitive in indirect speech = ____________
What kinds of clauses are dependent
vs. independent?
DEPENDENT CLAUSES
Relative clauses
Ablative absolutes
Participles
INDIRECT SPEECH
INDEPENDENT CLAUSES
EVERYTHING ELSE
(Finite/conjugated verbs)
Propositum: DWBAT identify and translate verbs in the present tense
and subjunctive mood
Facite Nunc:
7/28/14
1. Take a ‘Introduction to the Subjunctive Mood’ handout from my
desk and write your name at the top
2. Take out your ‘Latin II Summer Session Vocabulary List’
1.
You may use this list for this quiz and all quizzes next week
1. Take out a piece of looseleaf and a black/blue pen for your quiz
PENSUM #13:
1. Complete your packet through ‘Present Subjunctive Practice’- up to
pg. 6
Quiz 12: Relative Time
1. Marius nōn intellegēbat sē Metellum sanciendō hanc
lēgem offensūrum esse.
a) Tense of the head verb:
b) Tense of the infinitive:
c) Sentence translation:
Vocabulary
Metellus, -ī m. Metellus
sanciō, sancīre, sanxī, sanctus to ratify; pass (a law)
lex, lēgis f. law
offendō, offendere, offendī, offensus to offend; injure
Marius, -ī m. Marius
Quiz 12: Relative Time (MAKE-UP)
1. Marius sensit Metellum eum vetāndō illam lēgem
offensūrum esse.
a) Tense of the head verb:
b) Tense of the infinitive:
c) Sentence translation:
Vocabulary
Metellus, -ī m. Metellus
vetō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus to veto (a law)
lex, lēgis f. law
offendō, offendere, offendī, offensus to offend; injure
Marius, -ī m. Marius
Quiz 12: Relative Time (MAKE-UP)
1. Rōmanus populus intellegēbat sē Marium ad
sanciendum illam lēgem electūrum esse.
a) Tense of the head verb:
b) Tense of the infinitive:
c) Sentence translation:
Vocabulary
Metellus, -ī m. Metellus
sanciō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus to ratify, pass (a law)
lex, lēgis f. law
eligō, eligere, elēgī, electus to elect; choose
Marius, -ī m. Marius
DEFINITION
– The DEFINITION of a verb tells you basic MEANING of
the verb (ex. love, run, see). The definition of a
verb is contained within its stem or root. The stem
BEGINNING
of a verb is located at the _________________
of
the verb form.
– Ex. the DEFINITION of amābāmus is “love” (stem =
amā)
PERSON AND NUMBER
– The PERSON AND NUMBER of a verb tell you WHO the
subject of the verb is (ex. I, you, he/she/it, we, you
all, they). There are 6 person number
combinations. The person and number can be
found at the _________________
of the verb
END
form.
– Ex. the PERSON AND NUMBER of amābāmus is 1st
person plural (person and number ending = -mus)
TENSE AND ASPECT
– The TENSE AND ASPECT of a verb tell you WHEN AND HOW the
verb is being done. There are 6 tenses and many different
aspects (ex. simple, progressive, completed, continual,
etc.). Aspect is decided by tense and if more than one is
possible, the best aspect is decided based on CONTEXT by
the reader/listener. The tense of a verb can be determined
MIDDLE
by looking at the infix/tense sign in the _______________
of the verb form or looking at the principal part and ending
used in the verb form.
– Ex. the TENSE of amābāmus is imperfect (tense sign/infix = bā-) and the ASPECT could be either habitual (used to love)
or continuous (was loving)
VOICE
– The VOICE of a verb tells you whether the subject
of a verb is DOING or RECEIVING the action of the
verb. The voice of a verb can either be ACTIVE (if
the subject is doing the action of the verb) or
PASSIVE (if the subject is receiving the action of
the verb)
– Ex. the VOICE of amābāmus is active because the
subject “we” are doing the action of loving.
MOOD
– The MOOD of a verb tells you MODE OR MANNER in which
the verb is expressed to the reader/listener. You are
already familiar with two of the three Latin moods,
the INDICATIVE, which “indicates” real actions that
definitely have occurred in the past, or are occurring
in the present, or that likely will occur in the future,
and the IMPERATIVE, which commands someone to
undertake and action that is not yet going on.
– Ex. the MOOD of amābāmus is indicative, because it
indicates that we are in fact loving someone/thing
now in present time, in actuality
The Subjunctive Mood
– The SUBJUNCTIVE mood, in contrast to the indicative (which is
the mood of factuality and actuality), is the mood of potential,
tentative, hypothetical, ideal, or sometimes unreal, action.
– In English, the subjunctive is expressed by adding helping words
to verb forms, like “were”, “would” to indicate actions that are
hypothetical, or “might”, “may”, “should”, “may have”, and
“would have” to express potential or ideal actions
• Ex. “If I were queen of the world, I would end hunger and poverty…”
(but in reality, I’m not)
• “I should leave at 4, if I am going to get to this appointment on
time…” (but in reality, I may not)
• “I might see you later, if I don’t have too much homework to do…”
(but in reality, I might not)
1st Conjugation
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE
How does the SUBJUNCTIVE form differ from the indicative
form for the 1st conjugation? ā  ē in present stem
2nd Conjugation
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE
• How does the SUBJUNCTIVE form differ from the
indicative form for the 2nd conjugation? ē  eā in present stem
3rd Conjugation
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE
• How does the SUBJUNCTIVE form differ from the
indicative form for the 3rd conjugation? i  ā in present stem
3rd –io and 4th Conjugation
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE
• How does the SUBJUNCTIVE form differ from the indicative
form for the 3rd –io and 4th conjugations? i/ī  iā in present stem
Present Subjunctive Vowel
Changes
She wears a diamond
3rd io/4th
__
1st __
3rd __
2nd __
We beat a liar
POTENTIAL SUBJUNCTIVES
• The potential usage of the subjunctive is used to
express an action that might possibly or
conceivably occur.
• We translate potential subjunctives using the
words “would”, “could”, “might”, or “may”
– dīcās eum hominem bonum esse.
• You would say that he is a good man;
• you could say that he is a good man;
• you might say that he is a good man.
• We have already encountered a potential
subjunctive in Ovid’s Metamorphoses, I. 463464:
• Fīlius huic Veneris, “Fīgat tuus omnia,
Phoebe, tē meus arcus,”
– The son of Venus said to this (god), “Your bow might pierce
all (things), Apollo, (but) my bow (could pierce) you.”
Exerceāmus!
• Directions: Translate the following sentences either from
Latin into English. Double underline the potential
subjunctives in each one.
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
sagitta, -ae f. arrow
obtūsus, -a, -um dull
fīgō, fīgere, fixī, fictus to pierce
serpens, serpentis m. snake, serpent
tumidus, -a, -um swollen
flectō, flectere, flexī, flexus to bend, curve
arcus, -ī m. bow
tēlum, ī n. weapon; arrow
amor, amoris m. love
fugō, fugāre, fugāvī, fugātus to chase away, drive away, cause to
flee
– innuptus, -a, -um unmarried
– impatiēns, impatientis intolerant (of), impatient
– aemula, -ae f. (female) rival
Exerceāmus!
Potential Subjunctive Practice
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Daphnē, Daphnēs f. Daphne
virgō, virginis f. virgin, maiden
perpetuus, -a, -um eternal
genitor, genitoris m. creator; father
dōnum, -ī n. gift
viginitās, virginitatis f. virginity
quia because
ante before (adv.)
Phoebus, -ī m. Apollo
cōnubium, -ī n. marriage rite; marriage
ōracūlum, -ī n. prophecy
fallō, fallere, fefellī, falsus to deceive; fail
obsequor, obsequī, obsecutus sum to yield (to)
adoleō, adolēre, adoluī, adolutus to worship
repugnō, repugnāre, repugnāvī, repugnātus to oppose
haereō, haerēre, haesī, haesus to stick, cling (to)
Exerceāmus!
POTENTIAL SUBJUNCTIVE PRACTICE
Directions: Translate the following sentences based on lines 485491 including potential subjunctive verbs. Double underline
the verbs in the subjunctive mood.
1. Daphnē cupiat esse virgō perpetuē sī potest.
Daphne might want to be a virgin forever if she is able (to).
Propositum: DWBAT identify and translate verbs in the imperfect tense
and subjunctive mood
Facite Nunc:
7/29/14
1. Take out your ‘Introduction to the Subjunctive Mood’ handout
2. Take out your ‘Latin II Summer Session Vocabulary List’
1.
You may use this list for this quiz and all quizzes next week
1. Take out a piece of looseleaf and a black/blue pen for your quiz
PENSUM #14:
1. Complete your ‘Introduction to the Subjunctive Mood’ packet in full
2. Add the INTERROGATIVE WORDS (pg. 8) to your Vocab. List
3. Check your answers to your Indirect Speech Practice Sentences on
the website
Quiz 13: Present Subjunctive
1. Daphnē dōnum virginitātis cupiat sī pater eī id
dare potest.
a) Subjunctive verb:
b) Sentence Translation:
Vocabulary
Daphnē = Daphne (nom. sg. fem.)
dōnum, -ī n. gift
virginitās, virginitātis f. virginity
Quiz 13: Present Subjunctive
(MAKE-UP)
1. Daphnē optet esse virgō perpetuē sī pater eī illam
potentiam dare potest.
a)
b)
Subjunctive verb:
Sentence Translation:
Vocabulary
Daphnē = Daphne (nom. sg. fem.)
potentia, -ae f. ability, power
virgō, virginis f. virgin
perpetuus, -a, -um eternal, perpetual
optō, optāre, optāvī, optātus to wish
3rd
INDICATIVE
dīcat
1st
das
1st
SUBJUNCTIV
EINDICATIVE
3rd
INDICATIVE
3rd -io
SUBJUNCTIV
EINDICATIVE
3rd
2nd
INDICATIVE
1st
SUBJUNCTIV
ESUBJUNCTIV
2nd
E
INDICATIVE
optet
obsequātur
cupit
fallant
adoleantur
repugnat
haerēmus
sit
JUSSIVE SUBJUNCTIVES
• The jussive use of the subjunctive expresses a command or
exhortation, usually in the 1st or 3rd person
• The jussive subjunctive is an independent subjunctive,
meaning it appears in the independent clause of a sentence as
the main, and often only, verb of the sentence
• Negative jussive subjunctives are introduced by the word nē
• We translate jussive subjunctives using the words “let”, “may”
or “should”.
JUSSIVE SUBJUNCTIVES
– Dīcam dē hōc librō.
Let
• ___________
me speak about this book;
May
• ___________
I speak about this book;
• I ___________
should
speak about this book.
– Nē hoc crīmen faciant.
Let
• ___________
them not commit this crime;
May
• ___________
they not commit this crime;
• They ______________
not commit this
should
crime;
Exerceāmus!
Directions: Translate the following sentences either from Latin into
English. Double underline the jussive subjunctives in each one.
5. Itaque prō patriā etiam maiōra meliōraque
nunc faciāmus.
Therefore let us now also do greater and better things for
(our) fatherland.
OR Therefore may we now also do …
6. Nē imperātor superbus crēdat sē esse
fēlīciōrem quam virum humillum.
(imperatōr, -ōris m. emperor, ruler; fēlix, fēlīcis happy; humilis, is, -e humble)
The arrogant ruler should not believe that he is happier than
the most humble man.
OR Let the arrogant ruler not believe that….
INDIRECT QUESTIONS
• Like indirect speech, indirect questions are dependent clauses
which report a question indirectly, NOT using a direct quotation
– DIRECT – They asked, “What is Gaius doing?”
– INDIRECT – They asked what Gaius was doing.
• Indirect questions use subjunctive mood verb forms
• Indirect questions are introduced by interrogative words such as:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
quis/quī
quid
quam
quandō
cūr
ubi
unde
who
what
how
when
why
when
from where
• Subjunctive verbs in indirect questions are not translated any
differently than indicative verb forms and need no other additional
words to help translate them
INDIRECT QUESTIONS
Rogant quid Gaius faciat.
They ask what Gaius
is doing
.
DIRECT QUESTION – Quid Gaius facit? What is Gaius doing?
Nesciō unde veniant.
I don’t know from where
.
they are coming
DIRECT QUESTION – Unde veniunt? From where are they coming?
Exerceāmus!
Directions: Translate the following sentences either from Latin
into English. Double underline the indirect question subjunctives
in each one.
1. Apollo nescit ubi Daphnē currat, sed eam
sequētur.
Apollo does not know where Daphne is running, but he will
follow her.
1. Nympha Pēnēia mīrātur cūr deus eam
celeriter insequātur.
(mīror (1) wonder; insequor (3) pursue, chase)
The nymph of Peneus wonders why the god is quickly pursuing
her.
SUBJUNCTIVE REVIEW
• Complete the following blanks as review
– The SUBJUNCTIVE mood, in contrast to the
indicative (which is the mood of factuality and
actuality), is the mood of potential , tentative ,
hypothetical
, unreal , or sometimes unreal, action.
SUBJUNCTIVE REVIEW
– So far we’ve learned 3 usages of the subjunctive
mood:
• POTENTIAL
– Express actions that might possibly or conceivably occur
– Translate using the words could ,would , might, or
SUBJUNCTIVE REVIEW
• JUSSIVE
– Independent clauses
– Negative jussives are introduced by the word nē
– Translate using the words let , may , or should
SUBJUNCTIVE REVIEW
• INDIRECT QUESTION
– Dependent clauses which report questions indirectly
– Introduced by question words such as:
quis/quī who
»
quid what
»
quam how
»
quandō when
»
cūr why
»
ubi when
»
under from where
»
SUBJUNCTIVE REVIEW
– The PRESENT tense of the subjunctive mood is
marked by 4 stem vowel changes for the 5 tenses:
•
•
•
•
ē
1st conjugation: ā  ______
eā
2nd conjugation: ē  ______
ā
3rd reg. conjugation: i  ______
iā
3rd –io and 4th conjugations: ī  ______
The IMPERFECT Tense for the
Subjunctive Mood
CONJUGATION
• Examine the following IMPERFECT tense subjunctives
below and try to determine how IMPERFECT tense
subjunctive verbs are conjugated for ALL 5 conjugations.
1ST CONJUGATION, IMPERFECT TENSE
The IMPERFECT Tense for the
Subjunctive Mood
CONJUGATION
2ND CONJUGATION, IMPERFECT TENSE
The IMPERFECT Tense for the
Subjunctive Mood
CONJUGATION
3RD CONJUGATION, IMPERFECT TENSE
The IMPERFECT Tense for the
Subjunctive Mood
CONJUGATION
4TH CONJUGATION, IMPERFECT TENSE
The IMPERFECT Tense for the
Subjunctive Mood
• How is the IMPERFECT tense of the
subjunctive mood formed for ALL
conjugations?
•
2nd PP
(ending with a long ‘e’) +Imperf. Personal
endings
The IMPERFECT Tense for the
Subjunctive Mood
• For DEPONENT verbs:
2nd PP
•
-ī + ē *+ Passive Personal Endings
• *For 3rd conjugation: 2nd PP - ī + erē + Passive
Personal
Endings
The IMPERFECT Tense for the
Subjunctive Mood
TRANSLATION
• The rules for translating subjunctives are exactly the same for the
imperfect tense as the ones you have learned for the present tense.
The only difference is that the verbs themselves will be translated as
imperfect tense verbs.
•
– Ex. Dīcās eum hominem bonum esse. (PRESENT TENSE potential
subjunctive)
• You might say that he is a good man;
• You would say that he is a good man;
– You could say that he is a good man.
– Dīcerēs eum hominem bonum esse. (IMPERFECT TENSE potential
subjunctive)
• You would have been saying/would have said that he was a good man.
• You could have been saying/could have saidthat he was a good man.
• Youmight have been saying/might have saidthat he was a good man.
EXERCEĀMUS!
1. Daphnē mirāta est cūr Phoebus eam
insequerētur.
(mīror (1) to wonder)
– Subjunctive verb: insequerētur
– Type of subjunctive (circle one): Jussive /
Potential / Indirect Question
– Translate sentence:
Daphne wondered why Apollo was pursuing her.
EXERCEĀMUS
2 Phoebus nōn cuperet sentēs notāre crūra
Daphnēs.
– Subjunctive verb: cuperet
– Type of subjunctive (circle one): Jussive /
Potential / Indirect Question
– Translate sentence:
Let/may Apollo not desire (for) the brambles to scar
Daphne’s legs.
EXERCEĀMUS
3. Peneus nesciēbat quam suam fīliam
adiuvāret.
(adiuvō (1) to help, aid)
– Subjunctive verb: adiuvāret
– Type of subjunctive (circle one): Jussive /
Potential / Indirect Question
– Translate sentence:
Peneus was not knowing (didn’t know) how he
(could/would) help his daughter.
EXERCEĀMUS
4. nympha virginitātem tenēre posset sī tam
pulchra nōn erat.
(tam so)
– Subjunctive verb: posset
– Type of subjunctive (circle one): Jussive /
Potential / Indirect Question
– Translate sentence:
The nymph might/would be able to hold (keep) (her)
virginity if she was (were) not so beautiful.
Propositum: DWBAT translate a passage based on the mythology of Ovid
Facite Nunc:
7/30/14
1. Take a ‘Daphnē et Phoebus’ handout from the front of the room and
write your name at the top
2. Put your Indirect Speech Practice HW (corrected) in the blue folder
3. Take out your ‘Latin II Summer Session Vocabulary List’
1.
You may use this list for this quiz
1. Take out a piece of looseleaf and a black/blue pen for your quiz
PENSUM #15:
1. Complete and CORRECT your translation of ‘Daphnē et Phoebus’
2. QUIZ tomorrow: Indirect Questions. You MUST memorize definitions
for INTERROGATIVE WORDS from your packet yesterday
Quiz 14: Jussive Subjunctive
1. quamquam tē insequor, nē in terrā, Daphnē, cadās
et nē tibi causa dolōris sim!
a) ID 2 subjunctive verbs:
b) Sentence translation:
and
Vocabulary
insequor, insequī, insecutus sum to follow, chase
Daphnē = vocative sg. fem.
cadō, cadere, cecidī, casus to fall
causa, -ae f. cause, reason
dolor, dolōris m. pain
Quiz 14: Jussive Subjunctive
(MAKE-UP)
1. Nē dīcās malē dē virō quia prō patriā bona
fēcerat.
a) Subjunctive verb:
b) Sentence translation:
Vocabulary
malē  from malus, -a, -um
quia because
patria, -ae f. fatherland, homeland
faciō, facere, fēcī, factus to make, do
Daphnē et Phoebus
Exerceāmus!
• Translate the Latin via Ovid version of ‘Daphnē et
Phoebus’
• Pay close attention to plot summary, main characters, and
characterization
• CROSS OUT the ‘e’ in tuuse (line 5)
• FIND the following grammatical constructions in your
text:
•
•
•
•
2 indirect speech clauses
1 superlative adjective
1 neuter acc. substantive adjective
2 neuter nom. demonstrative substantive adjectives
Propositum: DWBAT translate Ovidian poetry
Facite Nunc:
7/31/14
1. Take a ‘Daphne and Apollo’ packet from the front of the room and
write your name at the top
1.
DO NOT LOSE THIS! I DO NOT HAVE ANY EXTRA COPIES!
1. Take out a piece of looseleaf and a black/blue pen for your quiz
PENSUM #16:
1. On looseleaf, translate lines 452-462 of Daphne and Apollo
2. Annotate these lines in pencil
1.
Check the website for additional notes and vocab
Quiz 15: Indirect Question
1. nympha pulchra nesciēbat cūr deus eam per
silvās celeriter insequerētur.
1. Subjunctive verb:
2. Sentence Translation:
Vocabulary
silva, -ae f. forest, wood
insequor, insequī, insecutus sum to chase, follow
Quiz 15: Indirect Question (MAKE-UP)
1. pater scīvit cūr fīlia manēre virgō perpetuē cuperēt.
1. Subjunctive verb:
2. Sentence Translation:
Vocabulary
virgō, virginis f. virgin, maiden
cupiō, cupere, cupivī, cupitus to want, desire
perpetuus, -a, -um eternal
maneō, manēre, mansī, mansus to remain, stay
1.
Phoebus et Daphnē
Daphnē erat prīmus amor Phoebī. Īra Cupīdinis Phoebō
amōrem dedit.
Daphne was the first love of Apollo.
The anger of Cupid gave love to Apollo.
(Caused Apollo to fall in love.)
2. Phoebus superbus vīderat Cupīdinem cum sagittīs et dīxerat:
“Quid est tibi,
Arrogant Apollo had seen Cupid with arrows and had said:
“What is (it) to you, boy, with weapons and arrows?
(What are you doing with weapons and arrows?)
3. puer, cum armīs et sagittīs? Sagittae sunt meae. Ego possum
dare vulnera
Arrows are mine.
I am able to give wounds to enemies.
4. hostibus. Tū dēbēs contentus esse cum amōribus.”
You ought to be satisfied with loves.”
Phoebus et Daphnē
5.
Fīlius Veneris respondit: “Tuus arcus omnia, Phoebe, fīgit, sed meus
The son of Venus responded: “Your bow pierces all things, Apollo,
6. arcus tē fīgit.” Et in arcū Cupīdō duo tēla tenuit: alterum tēlum amōrem
but my bow pierces you.”
And in (his) bow Cupid had two darts: one dart puts love to flight;
7. fugat; alterum amōrem facit. Hoc est acūtum, illud est obtūsum. Deus
the other makes love.
This one is sharp, that one is dull.
8. Cupīdō obtūsum tēlum in virginem fīgit, acūtum in Phoebum. Phoebus
The god Cupid pierces the dull dart into the maiden, the sharp (dart) into
Apollo.
9. amat; Daphne nōmen amōris fugitat. Per silvās cum Dīānā et cēterīs
nymphīs
Apollo loves; Daphne flees the name of love.
She loves to wander through the woods with Diana and the rest (of)
10. errāre sōlum amat.
the nymphs alone.
Phoebus et Daphnē
11.
Saepe pater nymphae, deus flūminis, dīxit: “Dēbēs coniugem
habēre.”
Often (her) father, god of a river, said to the nymph:
“You ought to have a spouse/husband.
12. Saepe dīxit, “Dēbēs fīliōs habēre.” Sed Daphnē pulchra patrem
ōrat ita:
Often he said, “You ought to have children.”
But beautiful Daphne begs (her) father thus:
13. “Cārissime pater, dā mihi hoc dōnum- mē esse virginem
perpetuam.”
“Dearest father, give this gift to me- that I be a maiden forever.”
14. Pater fīliae hoc dōnum dedit.
The father gave this gift to (his) daughter.
15.
Phoebus et Daphnē
Phoebus autem virginem amat et flammae amōris in deō crescunt.
Deus
Apollo however loves the maiden and flames of love grow in the god.
16. virginem videt et laudat caput, capillōs, oculōs; laudat digitōs et manūs et
The god sees the maiden and praises (her) head, hairs, eyes;
17. bracchia. Daphnē autem nōn manet. Fugitat in silvās.
he praises (her) fingers and hands and arms.
Daphne however does not stay. She flees into the woods.
18.
“Manē, nympha! Nōn sum hostis. Nympha, manē! Amor est mihi
“Stay, nymph! I am not an enemy. Nymph, stay!
Love is a cause of grief/pain for me.
19. causa dolōris. Nescīs mē esse Phoebum. Iūppiter est mihi pater. Sum deus
You do not know that I am Apollo.
Jupiter is a father for me. (Jupiter is my father.)
20. sōlis, mūsicae, medicīnae, artium.”
I am the god of the sun, of music, of medicine, of the arts.”
Phoebus et Daphnē
21.
Daphnē iterum fugitāverat. Phoebus virginem iterum petīvit. Eam
Daphne again had fled. Apollo again sought the maiden.
22. superāre temptāvit. Daphnē aquās fluminis patris vīdet et dīxit: “Dā mihi
He tried to overcome her. Daphne sees the waters of the river (her)
father and said:
23. auxilium, pater, sī potentiam habēs, mūtā fōrmam meam.”
“Give help to me, father, if you have the power, change my form.”
24.
Statim pater bracchia pulchra in ramōs mūtat. Daphnē virgō fōrmōsa
Immediately (her) father changes (her) beautiful arms into branches.
25. nunc est laurus, arbor pulchra. Phoebus oscula arborī dat et dīcit: “Sī
The beautiful maiden Daphne is now a laurel, a beautiful tree.
Apollo gives kisses to the tree and says:
26. coniūnx mea esse nōn potes, arbor eris certē mea; stābis prīma in
capitibus
“If you are not able to be my wife, you will surely/certainly be my tree;
27. rēgum ducumque Rōmae.”
you will stand first (foremost) on the heads of kings and the leaders of
Rome.”
PUBLIUS OVIDIUS NASO
43 B.C. – 17 A.D.
• BIOGRAPHICAL DETAILS
– Publius Ovidius Naso, more commonly known
as “Ovid”, was born in Sulmo , a town
northeast of Rome, to an equestrian family.
•
– His father, a lawyer, wanted him to pursue a
legal career and sent him to Rome to study
rhetoric and later to Athens ,
•
– After holding a few minor political positions,
and the death of his brother, Ovid abandoned
his political career and decided to pursue
poetry around the age of 16, a decision which
his father disapproved of.
•
PUBLIUS OVIDIUS NASO
43 B.C. – 17 A.D.
• BIOGRAPHICAL DETAILS
– Around the time of his first recitation of his
work in 25 B.C. he became part of a literary
circle of M. V. Messalla Corvinus and Maecenas,
a close confidant of the emperor Augustus.
•
– Ovid was friends with the poets Propertius (a
love elegist) and Horace , and acquainted
with Virgil and
(another love
Tibullus
elegist).
•
– In 8 A.D. he was exiled to Tomi on the Black
Sea by Augustus for a carmen et error (“a poem
and a mistake “), though the reasons
surrounding his exile are unknown and highly
contested
Exile to Tomis
• The Julian Marriage Laws of 18 BC, which
promoted monogamous marriage to increase the
population's birth rate, were fresh in the Roman mind.
Ovid's writing in the Ars Amatoria concerned the serious
crime of adultery, and he may have been banished for
these works which appeared subversive to the emperor's
moral legislation. However, in view of the long time that
had elapsed between the publication of this work (1 BC)
and the exile (AD 8), some authors suggest that Augustus
used the poem as a mere justification for something more
personal.
(Jose Gonzalez Vasquez)
• Ovid may have been involved in an adulterous affair
between Augustus’ granddaughter Julia and a senator,
Decimus Junius Silanus, for which Julia was also exiled
• Amores (“Loves”)
WORKS
– Published in 16 B.C. and 8 B.C.
– In two editions, the first in 5 books, the second in 3
– Series of erotic poems addressed to a lover, Corinna
• Heroides (“The Heroines”)
– Published in 15 B.C.
– 21 letters written by famous women of mythology and history
to the male lovers who had wronged them (ex. Penelope to
Odysseus, Dido to Aeneas, Ariadne to Theseus)
• Ars Amatoria (“The Art of Love”) and Remedia Amoris
(“The Cure for Love”)
– 3 books, first 2 written for men, the last for women
– Parody of didactic (teaching) poetry meant as a manual for
seducing and attracting members of the opposite sex
– The Remedia Amoris written for those suffering from broken
hearts
WORKS
• Metamorphoses (“The Transformations”)
– Finished in 8 A.D.
– 15 book epic chronicling mythological stories of physical
transformation of gods and mortals from the beginning of time up
until the age of Augustus
– Considered the ultimate, encyclopedic catalogue of myth and
mythology
• Fasti (“The Festivals”)
– Finished 8 A.D., though incomplete
– Poem written in 6 books about the Roman calendar (1 book for each
month January to June) and the origins of Roman holidays, rituals,
traditions, and cultural phenomena
• Tristia (“Sorrows”) and Epistulae ex Ponto (“Letters from the
(Black) Sea”)
– Written during Ovid’s life in exile at Tomi
– 5 and 4 books, respectively
– Often personal in nature, sad and despairing in tone, these poems
detail his journey to and life in Tomi and advocate for his return from
exile back to Rome
THE Metamorphoses
• Bucking tradition, Ovid wrote a 15-book epic in dactylic hexameter (a type of meter
reserved for epic poetry) about a decidedly un-heroic topic- a series of
mythological stories all tied together by the theme of transformation (god or
human into animal, tree, rock, etc.)
• While he based his topic off of other famous works of literature which catalogued
transformations or explained the origins of natural phenomena (Hesiod’s Theogony
and Catalogue; Callimachus’ Aitia; Nicander of Colophon’s Heteroeumena), he
chose to do so while writing in the epic genre, traditionally reserved for stories of
heroes and their heroic deeds
• The scope of Ovid’s work is infinite- beginning his first book at the beginning of
time and creation of the world and ending his last with the deification of Julius
Caesar while praising the emperor Augustus
• There are about 250 different mythological episodes within the Metamorphoses,
which are all linked by a wide variety of connections, ranging from geography
(stories that all take place in Thebes in Book 3), to commonalities in theme (stories
about the lovers of the gods, or the gods’ jealousies and revenge) or even contrasts
in theme (stories about pious mortals juxtaposed with stories about impious ones),
to genealogical relations or similarities in the kinds of transformations that take
place (different kinds of flowers or birds).
THE Metamorphoses:
Why it is Praised Today
● TRANSFORMATIONS are mythical, fantastical, awe-inspiring,
and yet...
● RELATABLE characters whose REAL HUMAN EMOTIONS lead to
these transformations
○
○
○
○
Lust/ Love
Greed
Arrogance and Self-Indulgence
Anger and Jealousy
THE Metamorphoses: Lust/ Love Juppiter
Daphne
and
Apollo
and Io
Daphne
and
Apollo
THE Metamorphoses:
Arrogance and Self-Indulgence
Narcissus
and Echo
THE Metamorphoses: Greed
Daedalus and Icarus
Arachne and Minerva
DAPHNE AND APOLLO: Lines 452-457
452.Prīmus amor Phoebī Daphnē Pēnēia, quem nōn
453.fors ignāra dedit, sed saeva Cupīdinis īra.
454.Dēlius hunc nūper, victō serpente superbus,
455.vīderat adductō flectentem cornua nervō,
456.“Quid” que, “tibī, lascīve puer, cum fortibus armīs?”
457.dīxerat; “Ista decent umerōs gestāmina nostrōs,
Translation Method for Ovid
1. ALWAYS annotate first!
2. Answer the grammar questions for each
couplet
3. Use the annotations and responses to the
grammar questions to draft a translation of
that couplet
ANNOTATE!
erat
452.Prīmus amor Phoebī Daphnē Pēnēia, quem nōn
453.fors ignāra dedit, sed saeva Cupīdinis īra.
• What important part of speech is missing from the firs
clause? __________________________
VERB
– What English word should be implied in your translation?
___________________________
“was”
– What Latin word is omitted in the original text?
erat
___________________________
– When one or more words that are necessary to make sense
of the sentence are omitted, but easily understood or
implied from the context, it is called
______________________
ELLIPSIS
ANNOTATE!
erat
452.Prīmus amor Phoebī Daphnē Pēnēia, quem nōn
453.fors ignāra dedit, sed saeva Cupīdinis īra.dedit
– “sed”, as a conjunction, begins a clause. But what part
VERB
of speech is missing? _______________________
– What English word should be implied in your
“gave”
translation? ___________________________
– What Latin word is omitted in the original text?
dedit
___________________________
TRANSLATE!
erat
452.Prīmus amor Phoebī Daphnē Pēnēia, quem nōn
453.fors ignāra dedit, sed saeva Cupīdinis īra.dedit
The first love of Apollo (was) Daphne of Peneus,
which ignorant chance did not give, but the cruel
anger of Cupid (gave).
FINAL: The first love of Apollo, which ignorant
chance did not give, but the cruel anger of Cupid
(gave), was Daphne of Peneus.
ANNOTATION AND TRANSLATION
Lines 454-455
454 Dēlius hunc nūper, victō serpente superbus,
455 vīderat adductō flectentem cornua nervō,
Apollo, proud because the snake (had been/was) defeated, recently
had seen this (man/boy/god), bending his bow with a pulled back
string.
ANNOTATION AND TRANLSATION
Lines 456-457
“Quid” que, “tibī, lascīve puer, cum fortibus armīs?”
dīxerat; “Ista decent umerōs gestāmina nostrōs,
And he had said, “What is it to you, playful boy, with strong weapons?
Those weapons of yours are suitable for our (my) shoulders.”
Daphne & Apollo: Lines 508-509
Annotation and Translation
508. Mē miserum- nē prōna cadās, indignave* laedī
509. crūra notent sentēs, et sim tibi causa dolōris!
Miserable me- may/let you not fall head first, let brambles not
scar (your) legs, unworthy to be wounded (of being wounded)
and let me not be a cause of pain for you!
Propositum: DWBAT translate Ovidian poetry
Facite Nunc:
8/4/14
1. Take out your ‘Daphne and Apollo’ packet, your translation for lines
452-462, and a red pen
2. Starting from line 458-462, review your annotation and translation
to see whether you had any difficulty with these lines – was
anything confusing/unclear, grammatically or contextually?
PENSUM #17:
1. On loose-leaf, translate lines of Daphne and Apollo 463-473
2. Annotate these lines in pencil
3. QUIZ TOMORROW on annotation and translation of Ovid (any of the
lines we’ve translated so far)
DAPHNE AND APOLLO: Lines 458-460
ANNOTATE AND TRANSLATE
458.quī dare certa ferae,* dare vulnera possumus hostī,
459.quī modo, pestiferō tot iūgera ventre prementem,
460.strāvimus innumerīs tumidum Pythōna sagittīs.
•
•
•
we (/I) who are (/am) able to give certain (/fatal) (wounds) to a
wild beast, to give (fatal) wounds to an enemy,
who just now with countless arrows struck down the swollen
Python, pressing so many acres (of land) with (its) pestilential
belly.
DAPHNE AND APOLLO: Lines 458-460
GRAMMAR QUESTIONS
/Lines 458-460/
– What is the grammatical subject of the verb
possumus? we
– What is the implied subject of possumus? I (Apollo speaking)
– Certa is a substantive adjective; what noun from the
text is it implying? vulnera
– What type of poetic device is present at the beginning
of lines 458 and 459? anaphora
– What case is Pythōna? accusative What two other
prementem and tumidum
words modify it?
– What does pestiferō modify? ventre
– What does innumerīs modify? sagittīs
TRANSLATE
461.Tū face nescio quōs estō contentus amorēs
462.irrītāre tuā nec laudēs assere nostrās.”
You, be satisfied to kindle loves, I don’t know what (they are),
with your torch, not to lay claim to our (my) praises.
GRAMMAR QUESTIONS
Lines 463-465
/Lines 463-465/
• What is the GNC of huic? masc., sing., dat.
• What noun from line 464 does tuus imply? arcus
• omnia is a substantive adjective and implies the noun things
because it is in the neuter gender
• There is an ELLIPSIS
in the clause tē meus arcus because the
verb ,
figat , is missing
• What are the two possible GNC’s of deō? masc., sg., abl.and
masc., sg., dat.
– Circle the correct GNC for deō in this context
• What is the degree of the adjective minor? comparative
• What is the case and function of nostrā? abl. of comparison
• What noun is implied with the adjective nostrā? gloria
TRANSLATE
potential
subjunctive!
arcus
463.Fīlius huic Veneris, “Fīgat tuus omnia, Phoebe,*
464.tē meus arcus,” ait, “quantōque animālia cēdunt
465.cūncta deō, tantō minor est tua glōria nostrā.”
comparative
adjective!
The son of Venus said to this (god/man),
“Your (bow) may pierce all things, Phoebus, (but)
my bow could pierce you, by as much as all animals
yield to a god (the gods), by that much less is your glory
than ours (mine).”
DAPHNE AND APOLLO: Lines 466-469
GRAMMAR questions
modify = translated with, has the same GNC
/466-467/
Cupid
Who is the subject of dixit in line 466? _______________________
What word does percussīs modify? _______________________
pennīs
aere
What word does elīsō modify? _______________________
What grammatical construction is present in line 466?
ablative absolute
__________________________________________
What is the best clausal translation for that clause? temporal
Cupid
Who is impiger modifying? _______________________
/468-469/
What noun must be implied with the substantive adjectives hoc and
illud? _______________________
weapon/arrow
What other type of noun is missing from the clause fugat hoc? What
direct object
can you imply? _______________________;
_______________________
amōrem (love)
DAPHNE AND APOLLO: Lines 466-467
466.Dīxit et, ēlīsō percussīs āere pennīs,
467.impiger umbrōsā Parnāsī cōnstitit arce,
And he spoke, after the air was shattered by (his) beaten wings
after (his) wings were beaten in the shattered air
the quick (god) stood upon the shady summit of Parnassus.
DAPHNE AND APOLLO: Lines 468-9
468.ēque* sagittiferā prōmpsit duo tēla pharetrā
amōrem
469.dīversōrum operum. Fugat hoc, facit illud amōrem;
and he pulled out two weapons of opposite functions from
his arrow-bearing quiver.
This (weapon) flees love, that (weapon) makes love;
Propositum: DWBAT translate Ovidian poetry
Facite Nunc:
1. Take out your ‘Daphne and Apollo’ packet
8/5/14
2. Take out a piece of looseleaf for your quiz and label it ‘Quiz 16:
Daphne and Apollo’
PENSUM #18:
1. On loose-leaf, translate lines of Daphne and Apollo lines 474-482
2. Annotate these lines in pencil
Quiz 16: Daphne and Apollo
Directions: Annotate and translate the lines below
454 Dēlius hunc nūper, victō serpente superbus,
455 vīderat adductō flectentem cornua nervō,
Apollo, proud because the snake (had been/was) defeated, recently
had seen this (boy/god), bending his bow with a pulled back string.
QUIZ 16: Daphne and Apollo
(MAKE-UP)
“Quid” que, “tibī, lascīve puer, cum fortibus armīs?”
dīxerat; “Ista decent umerōs gestāmina nostrōs,
And he had said, “What is it to you, playful boy, with strong weapons?
Those weapons of yours are suitable for our (my) shoulders.”
GRAMMAR QUESTIONS
/470-471/
• What is the antecedent of quod in line 470?
_______________________
hoc / tēlum / weapon
• What is the antecedent of quod in line 471?
illud/ tēlum / weapon
_______________________
• What direct object should be implied in the clauses quod facit and
quod fugat? amōrem
• What type of poetic device is present at the start of these two
lines? _______________________
anaphora
/472-473/
deus (Cupid)
• Who is the subject of laesit? _______________________
neuter,
ossa
• What noun does trāiecta modify? _______________________
• What are two features of the arrow that pierces Daphne? plural,
flees love
______________________;
accusative
obtūsum,
habet plumbum ____________________
• What are two features of the arrow that pierces Apollo?
makes love
aurātum,
fulget cuspide acūtā ______________________
______________________;
DAPHNE AND APOLLO: Lines 470-1
amōrem
470.quod* facit, aurātum est et cuspide fulget acūtā,
amōrem
471.quod* fugat, obtūsum est et habet sub harundine
plumbum.
The one which makes (love), is golden and shines brightly
with (its) sharp tip,
the one which flees (love) is dull and has lead under its shaft.
DAPHNE AND APOLLO: Lines 472-3
472.Hoc deus in nymphā Pēnēide fīxit, at illō
473.laesit Apollineās trāiecta per ossa medullās.
The god pierced this (weapon) in the nymph of the river
Peneus, but
wounded the marrows of Apollo with that (weapon) through
(his) pierced bones.
Lines 474-6
GRAMMAR QUESTIONS
/474-476/
Apollo
• alter refers to _____________________,
and altera
Daphne
refers to _____________________
substantive
• amantis is a _____________________
participle, so
you must imply _____________________
a noun
• The subject of gaudēns is _____________________
altera/Daphne
• What are the 2 GNC options for latebrīs?
fem., pl., abl.
__________________,
__________________,
fem., pl., dat.
– Circle which one is correct
• In the clause innūptaeque aemula Phoebēs* there is
ellipsis
an _____________________,
because the
verb
_____________________
is missing, so you must
is /est
imply _____________________
• aemula is an appositive (a noun which describes
another noun, occurring in the same GNC), referring to
Daphne /altera
_____________________
Apollo and Daphne: Lines 474-6
TRANSLATION
474.Prōtinus alter* amat, fugit altera nōmen amantis,
475.silvārum latebrīs captīvārumque ferārum
476.exuviīs gaudēns, innūptaeque aemulaestPhoebēs*;
477.vitta coercēbat positōs sine lēge* capillōs.
Immediately the one loves, the other flees the name of the lover,
rejoicing in the hiding places of the forest and the spoils of captured beasts,
(she is) the rival of unwed Diana;
a ribbon was holding back (her) hair placed (arranged) without
order.
capillae feminārum Rōmānārum
palla
vitta
Lines 477-80
GRAMMAR QUESTIONS
/477-480/
substantive
• Multī is a _____________________
adjective, and its gender is
masc. so you must imply the noun _____________________
men
• illam is a _____________________
demonstrative adjective, so
substantive
you must imply _____________________
woman/girl/nymph
• petentēs is a _____________________
participle, so you must
substantive
imply the noun _____________________
people/men
• What are the 2 GNC options for petentēs?
masc., pl., acc.
masc., pl., nom.
_______________________,
_______________________
– Circle which one is correct
• impatiēns modifies _____________________
and refers to
illa
_____________________
Daphne
• The clauses quid Hymēn and quid Amor are examples of
ellipsis
verb
_____________________,
because the _____________________
is
is /est
missing, so you must imply _____________________
illa
• the subject of cūrat is _____________________
Apollo and Daphne: Lines 478-9
TRANSLATION
478.Multī illam petiēre*; illa, āversāta* petentēs
479.impatiēns expersque virī, nemora āvia lūstrat,
Many (men) sought (after) that (girl/nymph);
that (girl/nymph), having rejected (the men) seeking
(pursuing) (her) and intolerant of and inexperience with a
man (men), she roams the pathless forests
Annotation and Translation:
Lines 480-482
480.nec, quid Hymēn, quid Amor, quid sint cōnūbia, cūrat.
481.Saepe pater dīxit, “Generum mihi, fīlia, dēbēs”;
482.saepe pater dīxit, “Dēbēs mihi, nāta, nepōtēs.”
She does not care (about) what Hymen, what Love, what marriage are.
Often (her) father said, “You owe a son-in-law to me, child”;
Often (her) father said, “You owe grandchildren to me, daughter”;
Propositum: DWBAT assess their understanding of content and skill level
through a practice Final exam
Facite Nunc:
8/6/14
1. Take out your ‘Daphne and Apollo’ packet
2. Take a ‘Final Exam: Practice’ from the front of the room and write
your name at the top
PENSUM #19:
1. Final tomorrow!!!!
1.
2.
All materials, answer keys, and PowerPoints on the website
E-mail with questions until 10 PM
Final Exam: Practice
• Independently work on the practice version of
your final exam
– Use a different colored pen to circle/highlight
questions/vocabulary you are unsure of
– DO NOT use your notes
PART I: ANNOTATION AND
TRANSLATION (50%)
“Quid” que, “tibī, lascīve puer, cum fortibus armīs?”
dīxerat; “Ista decent umerōs gestāmina nostrōs,
And he had said, “What is it to you, playful boy, with strong weapons?
Those weapons of yours are suitable for our (my) shoulders.”
PART I: ANNOTATION AND
TRANSLATION (50%)
458.quī dare certa ferae,* dare vulnera possumus hostī,
459.quī modo, pestiferō tot iūgera ventre prementem,
460.strāvimus innumerīs tumidum Pythōna sagittīs.
•
•
•
we (/I) who are (/am) able to give certain (/fatal) (wounds) to a
wild beast, to give (fatal) wounds to an enemy,
who just now with countless arrows struck down the swollen
Python, pressing so many acres (of land) with (its) pestilential
belly.
PART II: SIGHT TRANSLATION (10%)
1. victa labōre fugae, spectāns Pēnēidās undās,
2. “Fer, pater,” inquit, “opem, sī flūmina nūmen habētis!
3. Quā* nimium placuī, mūtandō perde figūram!”
After she was conquered by the effort of (her) escape, watching the waves
of Peneus,
she said “Bring help, father, if you, rivers, have the divine power (to do so)!
Destroy (my) form by changing (it), (the one) by which I have pleased
(Apollo) too much!”
Part III – Grammar (Short Answer)
ablative absolute
The clause ēlīsō…pennīs is an example of an
The best causal translation for this clause is CAUSAL / ADVERSATIVE /
TEMPORAL (circle one).
3. Both ēlīsō and percussīs are participles in the perfect
tense and
passive voice.
4. impiger is asubstantive
adjective because it modifies a noun that is
implied, or not explicitly written in its sentence. The noun implied by
impiger is Cupid/deus
5. The adjective umbrōsā modifies the noun arce
because the both
have the same gender, number, and case: fem.
, sg.
, abl.
.
6. illud is a demonstrative substantive adjective and implies the noun
tēlum from earlier in the text.
7. The antecedent of quod is tēlum
8. The implied direct object of the clauses quod facit and quod fugat amōrem
1.
2.
Part III – Grammar (Short Answer)
9. amāntis is a participle in the present
tense and
voice
active
10. The implied subject of the participle gaudēns is altera/Daphne
11. The adjective innūptae modifies the noun Phoebēs
capillōs
12. The participle positōs modifies the noun
13. Based on gender and number, the noun implied by the
adjective multī is men
14. āversāta is translated in the active
voice because
it is
a
verb, which only has 3 principal parts
deponent
15. sint is a verb in the subjunctive mood.