Transcript logical fallacies

Honors English II Agenda 8/22/2016
 Housekeeping- place homework on the right corner,
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sharpen your pencils, dispose of any trash etc.
Complete the Ticket In
Review the Essential Questions and Daily Objectives
Grammar Notes
Introduce Logical Fallacies
Practice Analyzing Logical Fallacies and Rhetorical
Devices using Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar
Begin Rhetorical Devices Project (Due 8/30)
Complete a Closure Question
Essential Questions
 To what extent does popular culture reflect our society’s
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values? What women value?
To what extent does popular culture determine what our
society values?
What is the relationship among pop culture, politics, and
commerce?
Do commercial interests control what is offered to the
public, or does old-fashioned word of mouth tell what
should be of interest or valuable?
What impact does American culture have on the world?
What are the basic tools used by an author to manipulate
the audience? As readers, how do we identify and analyze
these tools?
Parts of Speech Reminders
 The verb is the most important part of the sentence.
A verb is what conveys the essential meaning of a
clause (clause: a string of words that convey an idea
that contains a noun and a verb).
 However, verbs are not easy to spot. In which of the
following sentences is “swim” used as a verb?
 The ducks swim in the pond.
 The ducks love to swim.
Parts of Speech
 In the sentence The ducks swim in a pond says
Something swims somewhere, so the verb is to swim.
 In the sentence The ducks love to swim says
Something loves something, so the verb is love.
 Every sentence requires a subject, that is, what does
the verb. In both sentence, the subject is ducks.
 The verb may also require an object, that is, what
receives the verb. In The ducks love to swim, the
object is swim, because that is the thing that is loved.
Label the subject, verb, and object in the
following
 When David approached third base, the coach waved
him home.
Answers
 Clause 1 (Dependent): When David approached
third base
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Subordinate Conjunction: When
Verb: approached
Subject: David
Object: Third Base
 Clause 2 (Independent): the coach waved him home
 Verb: waved
 Subject: the coach
 Object: him
Subject Verb Agreement
 Every verb and subject must agree in number
(singular or plural) with its subject.
 The best way to check for subject-verb agreement is
to find the subject and the verb (ignoring all the
intervening words) and say them together.
 Remember the following pronouns are singular:
each, anyone, anybody, anything, another, neither,
either, every, everyone, someone, no one, somebody,
everything, little, and much.
 To check agreement you can replace any of the
pronouns with “it” and it will make sense.
Subject Verb Agreement
 The following words are plural: phenomena (singular:
phenomenon), media (singular: medium), data(singular:
datum), and criteria (singular: criterion)
 To check agreement you can replace any of them with
“they” and it will make sense.
 All of the following can be singular or plural: none (of),
any (of), some (of), most (of), more (of), and all (of)
 If using correlative conjunctions (neither…nor,
either…or) they must agree with the noun closer to the
verb.
Subject Verb Agreement
 Phrases joined by coordination conjunctions
(FANBOYS) are plural –Sam and Bob, but phrases
like Sam, in addition to Bob, are singular. These
phrases are “interrupters” which are not part of the
main subject.
 Interrupters include: as well as, together with, along
with, in addition to.
 Usually the subject comes before the verb, but when
the syntax is inverted, check subject verb agreement
by “uninverting” the sentence.
Practice: Next to each noun or phrase write “S” if
it is singular and “P” if it is Plural
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Neither rain nor snow
Crowd of rowdy fans
Media
Criterion
One or two
Everything
Either of the candidates
Phenomena
Diction Practice-connotation/denotation, formal informal,
colloquial(slang), technical, monosyllabic/polysyllabic
“Abuelito under a bald light bulb, under a ceiling dusty
with flies, puffs his cigar and counts money soft and
wrinkled as old Kleenex.” –Cisneros, Woman Hollering
Creek
1. How can a ceiling be dusty with flies? Are the flies
plentiful or sparse? Active or still? Clustered or evenly
distributed?
2. What does Cisneros mean by a “bald” light bulb? What
does this reveal about Abuelito’s room?
3. Take Cisneros’s phrase “under a ceiling dusty with
flies,” and write a new phrase by substituting the word
dusty with a different adjective.
Logical Fallacies
 The term "logical fallacy" refers to the concept of
making an error in terms of reasoning.
 Often they are used intentionally (however
inaccurate they may be) when creating an argument
or appeal that appeals to “pathos”
 It is crucial to understand logical fallacies so that
they can be identified and avoided when attempting
to persuade.
Types of Logical Fallacies
 Ad Homineum Fallacy — “to the man;” a person’s character is
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attacked instead of his argument
Ad Populum Fallacy — “to the crowd;” a misconception that a
widespread occurrence of something is assumed to make it right
or wrong- The Escort is the most widely sold car in the world;
therefore, it must be the best
Appeal to Authority- Citation of information from people
recognized for their special knowledge of a subject for the
purpose of strengthening a speaker’s arguments.
Bandwagon – threat of rejection is substituted for evidence,
desire to conform to beliefs of a group
Guilt by Association – claim is rejected because disliked
people accept the claim
Logical Fallacies Continued
 Loaded Words — using highly connotative words to describe
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favorably or unfavorably without justification
Oversimplification — tendency to provide simple solutions to
complex problems
Pedantry — narrow-minded, trivial scholarship or arbitrary
adherence to rules and forms
Condemning with Faint Praise- Intentional use of a positive
statement that has a negative implication – Your new hairdo is
so...interesting
False Dilemma- Too few of the available alternatives are
considered, and all but one are assessed and deemed impossible
or unacceptable –A father speaking to a son says “are you going
to go to college and make something of yourself, or are you going
to end up be unemployable bum like me?
Honors English II Agenda 8/23/2016
 Housekeeping- place homework on the right corner,
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sharpen your pencils, dispose of any trash etc.
Complete the Ticket In
Review the Essential Questions and Daily Objectives
Writing Notes Review
Close Reading, Annotating, Rhetorical Devices Analysis
of Becker’s “Television, Disordered Eating, and Young
Women in Fiji” and Dillon’s “Evictions at Sorority Raise
Issue of Bias”
Continue Working on Rhetorical Devices Project (Due
8/30)
Complete a Closure Question
Essential Questions
 To what extent does popular culture reflect our society’s values?
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What women value?
To what extent does popular culture determine what our society
values?
What is the relationship among pop culture, politics, and
commerce?
Do commercial interests control what is offered to the public, or
does old-fashioned word of mouth tell what should be of interest
or valuable?
What impact does American culture have on the world?
What are the basic tools used by an author to manipulate the
audience? As readers, how do we identify and analyze these
tools?
Select the Correct Verb
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Neither of the cars (is/are) equipped with antilock
brakes.
The flock of geese (was/were) startled by the shotgun
blast.
The data on my computer (was/were) completely
erased when the power failed.
Mathematics and history (is/are) my favorite subjects.
None of the roast (was/were) eaten.
All of the games (was/ were) played on real grass fields.
Pride and Prejudice (is/ are) my favorite Jane Austen
novel.
Diction Practice-connotation/denotation, formal informal,
colloquial(slang), technical, monosyllabic/polysyllabic
“Meanwhile, the United States Army, thirsting for
revenge, was prowling the country north and west of
the Black Hills, killing Indians wherever they could be
found.” - Brown, Bury my Heart at Wounded Knee
1. What are the connotations of “thirsting?” What
feelings are evoked by this diction?
2. What are the connotations of “prowling?” What
kind of animals prowl? What attitude toward the
U.S. army does this diction convey?
3. Use an eating or drinking verb in a sentence which
expresses anger about a speeding ticket. Express
the anger through the verb.
Outline for an Essay
Hook (Author’s Name, Title, Genre, and Background Information
(In English it is usually Summary or the Historical Context):
Thesis (Must include an O and P):
Key Idea 1 (Include an O and P)
(Criteria):
E/E (Evidence/ Elaborations)
E/E
Quotation
Significance
Key Idea 2 (Include an O and P)
(Criteria):
(Evidence/ Elaborations)
E/E
Quotation
Significance
Conclusion (Restate the O and P) (Anecdote)?
The O and P
 The Occasion
 Is the first part of the topic sentence
 Introduces your reason for writing
 The Position
 Is the second part of the topic sentence
 Follows the occasion
 States what you plan to prove or explain in your paragraph
 Is the independent clause in the complex sentence
Writing Reminders
 Do not use rhetorical questions as elaborations
 Do not use “I” or “You” in academic writing- even if
it is asking for your opinion. It makes the speaker
sound biased or informal. Try to use third person
pronouns and objective terms (“the reader,” “the
audience,” “he,” “she,” “they,” etc.)
 Indent each paragraph
 Avoid transitions that number the work-the first
point, second point, etc.
 Embed quotations in a sentence
Assignment
Read the articles “Television, Disordered Eating,
and Young Women in Fiji” and “Evictions at
Sorority Raise Issue of Bias”and analyze the text
using SOAPSToneRS
2. Identify Any Logical Fallacies in the Text
3. Generate “good” discussion questions related to
text structure, rhetoric, and pop culture based on
your analysis.
1.
Honors English II Agenda 8/24/2016
 Housekeeping- place homework on the right corner,



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sharpen your pencils, dispose of any trash etc.
Complete the Ticket In
Review the Essential Questions and Daily Objectives
Continue Working on Rhetorical Devices Project
(Due 8/30)
Complete a Closure Question
Essential Questions
 To what extent does popular culture reflect our society’s values?





What women value?
To what extent does popular culture determine what our society
values?
What is the relationship among pop culture, politics, and
commerce?
Do commercial interests control what is offered to the public, or
does old-fashioned word of mouth tell what should be of interest
or valuable?
What impact does American culture have on the world?
What are the basic tools used by an author to manipulate the
audience? As readers, how do we identify and analyze these
tools?
Select the Correct Verb
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Neither of the twins (is/are) allergic to penicillin.
Much of what I hear in those lectures (goes/go) in one
ear and out the other.
Amy, along with Jamie and Jen, (is/are) apply to
Mount Holyoke.
None of the books (was/were) considered fit for public
consumption.
All of the eggplant (was/were) used to make the sauce.
Amid the lilies and wildflowers (was/were) one solitary
rose.
Diction Practice
“Most men wear their belts low here, there being so many outstanding
bellies, some big enough to have names of their own and be formally
introduced. These men don’t suck them in or hide them in loose shirts;
they let them hang free, they pat them, they stroke them as they stand
around and talk.”-Keillor, “Home”
1. What is the actual meaning of outstanding? What is its meaning
here? What does this pun reveal about the attitude of the author
toward his subject?
2. Read the second sentence again. How would the level of formality
change of we changed suck to pull and let them hang free to accept
them?
3. Write a sentence or two describing an unattractive but beloved
relative. In your description, use words that describe the unattractive
features honestly yet reveal that you care about this person, that you
accept and even admire him/her, complete with defects.
Honors English II Agenda 8/25/2016
 Housekeeping- place homework on the right corner,




sharpen your pencils, dispose of any trash etc.
Complete the Ticket In
Review the Essential Questions and Daily Objectives
Continue Working on Rhetorical Devices Project
(Due 8/30)
Complete a Closure Question
Essential Questions
 To what extent does popular culture reflect our society’s values?





What women value?
To what extent does popular culture determine what our society
values?
What is the relationship among pop culture, politics, and
commerce?
Do commercial interests control what is offered to the public, or
does old-fashioned word of mouth tell what should be of interest
or valuable?
What impact does American culture have on the world?
What are the basic tools used by an author to manipulate the
audience? As readers, how do we identify and analyze these
tools?
Select the Correct Verb
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
The study of foreign languages in the lower grades (is,
are) becoming increasingly common.
Each student in the biology classes (has, have) visited
the medical lab.
There (is, are) only a few more sandwiches left.
Neither of the chairs (was, were) badly damaged in the
fire.
(Is, Are) each of the pictures painted by the same
artist?
Every one of the club members (is, are) invited to the
party.
Diction Practice
“ Pots rattled in the kitchen where Momma was frying corn
cakes to go with vegetable soup for supper, and the homey
sounds and scents cushioned me as I read of Jane Eyre in the
cold English mansion of a even colder English gentleman.”
-Angelou, I know Why the Caged Bird Sings
1. By using the word cushioned, what does Angelou imply
about her life and the life of Jane Eyre?
2. What is the difference between the cold of the English
mansion and the cold of the English gentleman? What does
Angelou’s diction convey about her attitude towards Jane’s
life?
3. Write a sentence using a strong verb to connect one part of
your life with another. Use an exact verb (like cushioned),
one which connotes the attitude you want to convey. Share
your sentence with the class.
Honors English II 8/26/2016
 Housekeeping- place homework on the right corner,
sharpen your pencils, dispose of any trash etc.
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AOW on Right Corner
Grammar and Diction Practice
No Warm Up- Begin Test
 Review the Essential Question and the Daily
Objectives
 Complete the Test and Essay
Honors English II Agenda 8/29/2016
 Housekeeping- place homework on the right corner,
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sharpen your pencils, dispose of any trash etc.
Complete both sides of the Ticket-in
Review the Daily Objectives and Essential Questions
Grammar Notes and Practice
Diction Practice
Continue Rhetorical Devices Project (Due Monday
8/30) continue Developing Seminar Questions (9/1)
Complete the Closure Questions
Grammar Practice
1.
2.
3.
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7.
8.
Vacations (is, are) often very expensive.
In the morning, the ships (sails, sail) out to sea.
The twins (wash, washes) the dishes.
Shawn’s brother (likes, like) to play baseball.
The chairs (is, are) made of pine.
The people on the talk show sometimes (disagrees,
disagree).
The students (listens, listen) to the speech.
(Does, Do) lions live in this area?
Diction Practice
“ Doc awakened very slowly and clumsily like a fat man
getting out of a swimming pool. His mind broke the surface
and fell back several times.”-Steinbeck, Cannery Row
1. What is the subject of the verb broke? What does this
tell you about Doc’s ability to control his thinking at
this point in the story?
2. To what does surface refer?
3. List three active verbs that could be used to complete
the sentence below. Act out one of the verbs for the
class, demonstrating the verb’s connotation.
He __________ into the crowded auditorium.
Honors English II Agenda 8/30/2016
 Housekeeping- place homework on the right corner,
sharpen your pencils, dispose of any trash etc.
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Rhetorical Devices Advertising Project Presentations
 Complete both sides of the Ticket-in
 Review the Daily Objectives and Essential Questions
 Grammar Notes and Practice
 Diction Practice
 Continue Developing Seminar Questions (9/1)
 Complete the Closure Questions
Grammar Practice
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The planning of the new building (takes, take)
place today.
The singers as well as the dancers (works, work)
hard on the performance.
Math, like history, (is, are) an interesting subject.
The neighbor across the street (grows, grow) roses.
New York, despite its crowded streets, (is, are) fun
to visit.
Diction Practice
“We have been making policy on the basis of myths, the
first of them that trade with China will dulcify Peking
policy. That won’t work; there was plenty of trade between
North and South when our Civil War came on.” –Buckley
Jr., “Like It or Not”
1. What does dulcify mean? What attitude toward his
readers does his diction convey?
2. What attitude does the author communicate by writing
“our” Civil War instead of the Civil War?
3. Create a list of synonyms for the word “neat.” Then
substitute the words on your list in the sentence: She
gazed at the neat room. What is the effect on the
meaning of the sentence?
Popular Culture
What I have already learned?
What do I still need to question or
discover for the Seminar?
Assignment
 Select 2 articles related to Popular Culture for the
Seminar
 Annotate and Complete SOAPSToneRS for each
article
 Create 2 discussion questions based on the article
that relates to the previous research/reading
Honors English II Agenda 8/31/2016
 Housekeeping- place homework on the right corner,
sharpen your pencils, dispose of any trash etc.
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BBR
 Complete both sides of the Ticket-in
 Review the Daily Objectives and Essential Questions
 Grammar Notes and Practice
 Diction Practice
 Continue Developing Seminar Questions and
Annotating the Two Articles You Selected (9/1)
 Complete the Closure Questions
Grammar Practice
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5.
The national forests (belongs, belong) to all citizens
of the United States.
This kind of forest, as well as national grasslands,
(is, are) protected by the Forest Service.
The United States Department of Agriculture
(oversees, oversee) the Forest Service.
The national forests (is, are) named for Native
American tribes.
The total area maintained (is, are) large enough for
almost three hundred thousand people to camp.
Diction Practice
“Wind rocks the car./ We sit parked by the river,/
silence between our teeth./ Birds scatter across
islands/ of broken ice…” –Rich, “Like This Together”
1. What are the feelings produced by the word
“rocks?” Are the feelings gentle, violent, or both?
2. How would the meaning change if we changed the
first line to “Wind shakes the car?”
3. List different meanings for the verb rock. How
many of these meanings would make sense in this
poem? (A poet strives for multiple meanings in his
selection of diction)
Honors English II Agenda (9/1/2016
 Housekeeping- place homework on the right corner,
sharpen your pencils, dispose of any trash etc.
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Two Annotated Articles
 Complete both sides of the Ticket-in
 Review the Daily Objectives and Essential Questions
 Grammar Notes and Practice
 Diction Practice
 Socratic Seminar
 Complete the Closure Questions
Grammar Practice
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2.
3.
4.
5.
Neither a tornado nor a hurricane (has, have) hit
this small Texas town.
Meteorologist and forecasters (is, are) ready to
cope with impending twisters.
Enormous property loss and damage last year (has,
have) made everyone aware that an early warning
system is necessary.
Both the local police force and the state police (is,
are) expected to help if an emergency arises.
Either plywood or heavy cardboard (is, are) put
over windows during tornadoes.
Diction Practice
“Close by the fire sat an old man whose countenance
was furrowed with distress.” –Boswell, “London
Journal”
1. What does the word “furrowed” connote about the
man’s distress?
2. How would the impact of the sentence be changed
if “furrowed” were changed to “lined?”
3. Write a sentence using a verb to describe a facial
expression. Imply through your verb that the
expression is intence.
Honors English II Agenda 9/2/2016
 Housekeeping- place homework on the right corner,
sharpen your pencils, dispose of any trash etc.

AOW
 Complete both sides of the Ticket-in
 Review the Daily Objectives and Essential Questions
 Complete the Test and Essay
 Closure Questions