Transcript Final Exam Review

Final Exam Review
11th Grade
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Literary and Rhetorical Terms
Figurative Language
 Figurative language = language that is not literal. It is used to
express complex ideas and emotions.
Allusion
 Reference to another work of literature or art, history, or current
event.
Hyperbole
 Deliberate exaggeration/overstatement
 Example: “Her beauty could end wars.”
Understatement
 Framing something as less important for satiric or comic effect. To make
light of something for a purpose.
 EXAMPLE: “The grave’s a fine and private place,/But none, I think, do
there embrace.”
Imagery
 Language that appeals to the senses. Not just eyes!
 Descriptions of how something looks, tastes, feels, sounds, smells that helps
readers experience what they read.
“ I will speak daggers to her but use none!” -Hamlet
Metaphor
 A complex comparison that implies that one thing is another thing.
 EXAMPLE: Gatsby is a little tiny boat, paddling against the current in the
closing lines of The Great Gatsby
Analogy
 A comparison that helps a writer explain something in other terms.
 EXAMPLE: There is Mr. Marblehall’s ancestral home.
It’s not so wonderfully large –it has only four columns
–but you always look toward, the way you always glance
into tunnels and see nothing.
Irony
 Dramatic Irony tension between what a character says or thinks and what
the audience knows to be true.
 Situational Irony  the discrepancy between what you would expect and
what actually happens. The opposite of what you’d think. Example: police
stations gets robbed
 Verbal Irony  Sarcasm. Saying one thing, but meaning another.
Foreshadowing
 Future events are hinted at.
Point of View
 First person I (uses the pronoun)
 Second person You. Rare. It casts the reader as
a character.
 Third person limited omniscient  He/she.
Knows thoughts of one character.
 Third person omniscient  He/she. Knows the
thoughts of all characters.
Diction (word choice)
 Connotation meanings/associations readers have with a word
beyond the dictionary definition.
 Denotation dictionary definition
Paradox
 A statement that seems contradictory but actually is not.
 Example: Without laws, we would have no freedom. We fight wars for
peace.
Rhetorical Question
 A question asked in order to make a point rather
than to collect information
Symbol
 Something that carries more than its literal meaning. It represents
something more significant.
Structure and Form
 Theme
 Plot
 Juxtaposition
 Chronology- sequence of events in time
Theme
 A statement (or two) or a question related to the
human experience.
 NOT ONE WORD
 NOT A CLICHÉ
 Example: In some cases, under extreme injustice, shy and
otherwise quiet people may actively rebel in order to stand up
for themselves.
 Example: If people feel imprisoned because of the expectations
of conformity, they may resort to violent rebellion.
 Example: Major changes can occur in a person without him or
her realizing.
Plot: Inciting incident?
Plot
Juxtaposition
 Arranging two things side by side for contrast, suspense, or character
development.
 Example: “To be, or not to be.”
Content
Intro to Rhetoric
Rhetoric
What do you know about it?
“It’s merely rhetoric!”
• Rhetoric has a bad reputation
• To many people, the word rhetoric signals deception and trickery
• A politician wants to obscure a point
• An advertisement wants to manipulate a consumer
• “It’s just empty rhetoric”
But this is not entirely true!
Rhetoric does not deserve this!
Rhetoric: Plain and Simple
Aristotle defined it as “the faculty of observing in any given case the
available means of persuasion”
What tools do I have to communicate my idea or my opinion?
Rhetoric is all around us!
• Conversation –even text messages!
HOW???
• Movies
• TV shows
HOW do I want to
• Advertisements
present this idea?
• Books
• Body language
• Art
We use it whether we’re conscious of it or not. 
But if we’re conscious of it, we can use it to our advantage
It can transform our speaking, reading, and writing. It can make
us more able communicators and more discerning listeners.
The Rhetorical Triangle
(Speaker)
The Rhetorical Triangle
The hope is that what you say and write will be meaningful, purposeful,
and effective.
So, anyone creating a text/speech must consider three things…
1. The Purpose/The Subject
The subject (the main thing or idea) and the kinds of evidence used to
develop it.
2. Audience
Who is the reader? Who is listening?
What do I know about the audience? –their knowledge, ideas, attitudes,
and beliefs
3. The Speaker
The character of the rhetor
How can the speaker use his or her personal character effectively?
How do I want to present myself? As a victim? As an expert? As a
friendly, open-minded person?
Lou Gehrig’s Speech
"Fans, for the past two weeks you have been reading about the bad break I got. Yet today I consider
myself the luckiest man on the face of the earth. I have been in ballparks for seventeen years and have
never received anything but kindness and encouragement from you fans.
"Look at these grand men. Which of you wouldn’t consider it the highlight of his career just to associate
with them for even one day? Sure, I’m lucky. Who wouldn’t consider it an honor to have known Jacob
Ruppert? Also, the builder of baseball’s greatest empire, Ed Barrow? To have spent six years with that
wonderful little fellow, Miller Huggins? Then to have spent the next nine years with that outstanding leader,
that smart student of psychology, the best manager in baseball today, Joe McCarthy? Sure, I'm lucky.
"When the New York Giants, a team you would give your right arm to beat, and vice versa, sends you a gift
— that’s something. When everybody down to the groundskeepers and those boys in white coats
remember you with trophies — that’s something. When you have a wonderful mother-in-law who takes
sides with you in squabbles with her own daughter — that's something. When you have a father and a
mother who work all their lives so that you can have an education and build your body — it's a blessing.
When you have a wife who has been a tower of strength and shown more courage than you dreamed
existed — that's the finest I know.
"So I close in saying that I might have been given a bad break, but I've got an awful lot to live for. Thank
you."
Subject (and main idea)?
• His life threatening illness
• The Yankees and baseball in general
• His career
• “I’m the luckiest man alive”
Audience
• His fans (They were shouting for him to speak!)
• His teammates
• His family
• Everyone in the stadium
Speaker?
• He presents himself as a common man, modest and glad for the life
he’s lived.
• He’s not a polished orator, he’s a champion baseball player.
SOAPSTone: A Strategy for Reading and Writing
Speaker
Occasion
Audience
Purpose
Subject
Tone
Speaker
• He presents himself as a common man, modest and glad for the life
he’s lived.
• It’s more than a name…
Occasion
Gehrig delivered the speech between games of a doubleheader.
It was two weeks after his diagnosis became public.
Audience
• His fans, teammates, and family
***Purpose***
To celebrate his athletic career and all of the other gifts that make him
feel like the luckiest man alive.
And to get back to work --to accept the challenges that lie before him.
See how rhetoric can be sincere, too?
Subject
• His recent diagnosis
• The Yankees and baseball in general
• The things that make him feel lucky
Tone
Tone = a speaker’s attitude
(not to be confused with mood. Mood = the feeling created by the work)
Let’s give it a try! …
Some positive words to describe tone:
Lighthearted
Confident
Amused
Complimentary
Amiable
Relaxed
Soothing
Jubilant
Encouraging
Elated
Passionate
Romantic
Calm
Appreciative
Loving
Brave
Reverent
Whimsical
Proud
Energetic
Ecstatic
Optimistic
Cheery
Friendly
Some positive words to describe tone:
Lighthearted
Confident
Amused
Complimentary
Amiable
Relaxed
Soothing
Jubilant
Encouraging
Elated
Passionate
Romantic
Calm
Appreciative
Loving
Brave
Reverent
Whimsical
Proud
Energetic
Ecstatic
Fanciful
Cheery
Friendly
11 TH - 12 TH GRADE
Final Exam Review-Grammar
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Parallel Structure
Definition/Rules
 Parallel structure means using the same pattern of
words to show that two or more ideas have the same
level of importance. This can happen at the word,
phrase, or clause level. The usual way to join parallel
structures is with the use of coordinating
conjunctions such as "and" or "or."
Examples
PARALLEL:
 Mary likes hiking,
swimming, and bicycling.
 Mary likes to hike, to swim,
and to ride a bicycle.
 Mary likes to hike, swim,
and ride a bicycle.
NOT PARALLEL:
 Mary likes hiking,
swimming, and to ride a
bicycle.

The teacher said that he
was a poor student because
he waited until the last
minute to study for the
exam, completed his lab
problems in a careless
manner, and his
motivation was low.
Exercises
In the following pairs, one sentence has parallel structure, and the other
sentence lacks parallel structure. Mark the CORRECT sentence.
1.
A. Jennifer is smart, beautiful, and loves everyone.
B. Jennifer is smart, beautiful, and caring.
2.
A. Andy’s day is so long that he gets up at 6:00 a.m., leaves for work at
6:30 a.m., is eating dinner at 11:00 p.m., and goes to bed at 2:00 a.m.
B. Andy’s day is so long that he gets up at 6:00 a.m., leaves for work at
6:30 a.m., eats dinner at 11:00 p.m., and goes to bed at 2:00 a.m.
Exercises
3.
A. Bob was not only Sam’s roommate, but also he was his best
friend.
B. Bob was not only Sam’s roommate but also his best friend.
4.
A. If you go to the store, please remember to pick up your
prescription, buy some shampoo, and to look for a notebook.
B. If you go to the store, please remember to pick up your
prescription, to buy some shampoo, and to look for a
notebook.
Exercises
5.
A. I spent two hours with Ms. Smith, reviewing my job
performance, evaluating my goals, and discussing my future
with the company.
B. I spent two hours with Ms. Smith, reviewing my job
performance, evaluating my goals, and my future with the
company was also discussed.
6.
A. Mr. Brown’s lecture was inaccurate, boring, and unnecessary.
B. Mr. Brown’s lecture was inaccurate, boring, and should have
been omitted.
Semicolon Rules
Semicolon
Use a semicolon to separate two independent clauses.
(An independent clause means it can stand alone as
its own sentence.)
Example: My aunt also had hairy knuckles; she loved
to wash and comb them.
Semicolon Exercises: Where should they go?
1. Take care of the children the adults can take care of
themselves.
2. There were two young elephants they needed to
have the hairs trimmed out of their noses.
3. It was ever so easy to build smoke stacks out of
cardboard the hard part was keeping the smoke
stacks from burning up.
4. Irma was a very contented lady while she was
swimming she always grinned.
Subject/Verb Agreement
 Basic Principle: Singular subjects need singular
verbs; plural subjects need plural verbs.
 Example: My brother is a nutritionist. My sisters
are mathematicians.
Exercises: Subject Verb Agreement
1. At Yellowstone Park grizzly bears (doesn’t, don’t) have
names; they have numbers.
2. In the meeting between human and bear, a wild-card
factor (throws, throw) all calculations and studies to the
wind.
3. The Yellowstone authorities should (has, have) kept
thorough records on each bear.
4.
When some bears (encounters, encounter) people, it
is the bear who runs.
Pronoun/Antecedent Agreement
 A Pronoun is a substitute for a noun. It refers to a
person, place, thing, feeling, or quality but does not
refer to it by its name.
 An antecedent is the word, phrase, or clause to
which a pronoun refers, understood by the context.
Example: Although Sarah was shy, she managed to
make a few friends.
Exercises: Pronoun/Antecedent Agreement
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
During early rehearsals, an actor may forget (his or
her, their) lines.
The Washington team was opportunistic; (it, they)
took advantage of every break.
A person needs to see (his or her, their) dentist
twice a year.
The committee members put (its, their) signatures
on the document.
If any one of the sisters needs a ride, (she, they)
can call me.
There, They’re, Their
There = place
They’re = they are
Their = possession
There, They’re, Their
Which of the following sentences uses the
correct word choice for their/there/they’re?
a) They couldn’t believe they forgot to call there
parents.
b) Their worried that their parents will be mad.
c) They left they’re phones in the car.
d) I only hope that Santa will bring my sons
everything on their list.
Misplaced Modifiers
 Modifiers are just what they sound like—
words or phrases that modify something
else. Misplaced modifiers are modifiers
that modify something you didn't intend
them to modify. For example, the word
only is a modifier that's easy to misplace.
 Only John hit Peter in the nose.
John hit only Peter in the nose.
 John hit Peter only in the nose.
 John only hit Peter in the nose.
 Put ‘only’ as close as possible to the word it’s modifying.

EXAMPLES
 One morning I hugged an elephant in my
pajamas.
 Fixed: One morning, wearing my pajamas, I
hugged an elephant.
Misplaced Modifier Exercises
The bus station was located by a river which was
made of red brick.
2. A fish was found in the Pacific Ocean that had been
considered extinct.
3. The cowboy was thrown by the bull in a leather
vest.
4. Sam asked me to go for a ride on the telephone.
1.
Smoothly Embedding a quotation
 You need context before your quote. Advanced
embedding means that you include your quote as
part of your sentence.
Example: The author says of the Boise School Library,
“… in February 2010, it had 6,787 visitors” (Doerr 2).
You Try:
Which one is done correctly?
 Vincent describes how one of his patients is “always
trying to learn new vocabulary, but finds it extremely
difficult” (Smith 3).
 In the article it says, “always trying to learn new
vocabulary, but finds it extremely difficult” (Smith
page 3).
Active vs. Passive Voice
 What is the active voice? It’s a form of sentence
construction. In the most basic sentence, active-voice
construction is: subject – verb – direct object. The
subject “acts” on a direct object. In other words, in
the active voice you identify an “actor” (for instance,
a person or organization) and what the action is.
Active vs. Passive Voice
 What is the passive voice? In the passive voice,
the subject is acted upon. Typically, the passive voice
uses a verb phrase of the verb to be* plus by. Many
writers, however, drop the “by” in the passive voice—
so the reader does not know for sure who or what the
actor is.
Active vs. Passive Voice
 Examples of passive voice:
 Seniors are covered . . . Medicines are distributed . . .
Prices were increased . . . Candles are being lit . . .
Songs were sung . . .
 You can mentally insert “by” to double check that
these sentences are in the passive voice.


“Medicines are distributed by the United Nations.”
“Prices were increased by the health care insurers.”
Passive Voice Exercises
1. You are being watched by Big Brother
2. Paradise was paved and a parking lot put up
3. The sheriff was shot by me.
4. A new nation was brought forth on this continent
by our fathers.
Grammar Worksheet Review
Smiling from ear to ear, Karen was obviously happy
with Rick’s decision.