Transcript Crash Course for the one who Crams in-2x

Crash Course for the one who
Crams in Grammar and Writing:
Information you Need to Become a
Decent Writer and Editor
Nouns
• Words that are people, places, or things
• Usually accompanied by articles: A, AN, THE
• Sometimes partnered with possessive
pronouns: my, his, her, their
• Examples:
– A doctor, An author, The musician, Grammar
– A store, An aquarium, The kitchen, Paris
– A dresser, An atlas, The book, Cups
Noun Phrases
• When a noun includes other parts of speech,
it becomes a Noun Phrase
• Examples:
– The park
– The beautiful park
– The neighbor’s house
– The wildly beautiful and crazy hairdo
– The smart, determined, and handsome man
Sentence Subjects
• Simple subjects: one word (noun)
• Complete subjects: the entire phrases or
group of phrases that the verb refers to
• Examples:
– Cat: Simple Subject
– The cat: Complete Subject
– The black and white cat in the kennel is sleeping.
Adjectives
• Words that describe nouns and pronouns
• Examples:
– The pretty puppy
– His car is hot.
– He is cute.
Adverbs
• Words that describe verbs, adjectives or
adverbs
• Usually end in –ly, but well and very are
adverbs
• Examples:
– She washed the car nicely
– Carly swims well.
– They run quickly.
Pronouns
• Words that take the place of nouns.
• Possessive pronouns: my, his, her, their, mine,
your
• Pronouns: He, She, it, they, them, I, me, you,
us, we
Prepositions
• Words that begin a phrase within a sentence
that adds more information
• Examples:
– In, under, over, out, to, beside, with, at, up, down
– In the house, under the bed, over the fence
– Out the door, beside the decorative flowerbed
– With my friends, at my house, up the ladder
– Down the stairs,
Verb
• Words that describe the action or state of
being of the subject
• The verb is the simple predicate of the
sentence
• Examples:
– She swims.
– She is a dancer.
Verb Phrase
• When there is more than one main verb, it is
called a verb phrase.
• Examples:
– She is going to the store.
– They will be dancing at the party
– He had been talking on the phone for four hours.
– She will enjoy the cake.
Verb tenses
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Present: is, are, dance
Past: was, were, danced
Future: will be, will dance
Perfect: has cooked, had played, will have seen
Progressive: is going, was cooking, will be going
Perfect-Progressive:
– Has been going, had been watching
– will have been seeing
Sentences
• Subject, verb, complete thought
• Examples:
– She swims.
– She likes ice cream.
– They need to buy groceries.
Phrases vs. Clauses
• Phrases include nouns, or verbs
• Clauses include nouns AND verbs
• Phrases are NEVER complete sentences
Dependent Clause
• Missing a complete thought and needs more
information
• Examples:
– When she is going to sleep…
– After they leave the party…
– …which is why I dislike fried foods.
– …that is the reason I need a new car.
Independent Clauses
• COMPLETE SENTENCES
• Examples:
– She climbs the ladder.
– They are sleeping.
– After I eat breakfast, I get ready for school.
– I am tired in the morning.
– I am tired in the morning if I don’t get enough
sleep, which is why I go to bed at eight o’clock.
Interrogative and Exclamatory
• Interrogative: to interrogate or question, end
in ???????
• Starts with words like: Do, Why, How, Can
• Exclamatory: elicits emphasis, ends in !!!!!!!!
• Offers a way for the writer to communicate
emotion to the reader
Imperative and Declarative
• Both types of sentences end with ………………..
• Imperative is a COMMAND, sometimes these
sentences can start with the commanding
verb: Go to your room. Do the dishes.
• Add emphasis to commands with !!!!!
• Declarative sentences make statement:
– I like bowling.
– She is my best friend.
Simple Sentences
• One subject, one verb, and complete thought
(ONE independent clause)
• Examples:
– They went to the store.
– She plays guitar well.
– Hester is guilt of adultery.
– I need a break.
– Do you like music?
– They dyed my hair orange!
Compound sentences
• Two or more independent clauses.
• Examples:
– She likes going to the movies, and she loves eating
popcorn.
– She likes watching movies, but she hates scary
movies.
Complex Sentences
• One independent clause combined with
dependent clauses.
• Examples:
– She likes riding a skateboard, but hates skates.
– After attending the party, they walked home.
Complex-Compound Sentences
• Multiple independent clauses and dependent
clauses
• Examples:
– My mom doesn’t understand that I enjoy
watching movies, and I must go to the movie
theatre every Friday, which is why we fight so
much.
Remember: NO texting
• Capitalize I, other proper nouns, and words at
the beginning of the sentence.
• Do NOT use contractions!
• Spell out words like are and you
• Use apostrophes when adding a –s for
possession, but not when adding for plurals.
• Utilize punctuation marks appropriately, and
avoid run-ons, fragments, and comma splices.