Transcript passive-predavanje

Passive
WITH EXERCISES
Što je uopće pasiv?
 pasiv nije glagolsko vrijeme (tense), nego
način (voice).
 rečenice koje sadrže objekt (direktni i/ili
indirektni) mogu biti u aktivu (active voice)
ili u pasivu (passive voice).
 khod transformacije aktivne u pasivnu
rečenicu ne smijemo promijeniti glagolsko
vrijeme!
Zašto uopće trebamo pasiv?
 pasivne rečenice su česta pojava u engleskom jeziku
 koristeći pasivne rečenice pomičemo naglasak s
osobe koja vrši radnju (subjekt rečenice) na samu
radnju
npr. I made some mistakes. → Some mistakes were made.
VAŽNO ZA TVORBU ZA PASIVNIH
REČENICA
 nužno je poznavati dijelove rečenice:
SUBJEKT: vršitelj radnje
npr. The manager has written a report in his office.
PREDIKAT: glagol
npr. The manager has written a report in his office.
OBJEKT:
npr. The manager has written a report in his office.
PRILOŽNE OZNAKE:
npr. The manager has written a report in his office.
 nužno je poznavati i razlikovati glagolska vremena kao i nepravilne glagole
Tvorba pasivnih rečenica
 objekt aktivne rečenice postaje subjekt pasivne
rečenice
 Subjekt aktivne rečenice se u velikoj većini slučajeva ne
mora posebno izricati. Ukoliko ga želimo ili moramo
izreći, koristimo by frazu i stavljamo ju na kraj
rečenice.
[My grandfather]S founded [this company]O.
[This company]S was founded by my gradnfather.
Što učiniti s glagolom?
 Podsjetimo još jednom: u tvorbi pasiva ne mijenjamo
glagolsko vrijeme, nego samo način!
 Za tvorbu pasiva nam je potrebano:
- glagol biti (to be) u glagolskom vremenu izvorne aktivne
rečenice; npr. ako je aktivna u Present Perfect Simple,
glagol biti također moramo staviti u to glagolsko vrijeme
(have been)
- past particip (past participle) glavnoga glagola
 Dakle, pravilo za tvornu pasiva je:
to be + past participle of the main verb
 Pogledajmo to na primjeru.
to be + past participle of the main verb
 Aktivna rečenica:
We keep documents in folders.
1. korak
1. Odrediti subjekt i objekt aktivne rečenice.
We keep documents in folders.
2. korak
Objekt aktivne rečenice postavimo kao subjekt pasivne rečenice.
Documents ...
3. korak
Odredimo glagolsko vrijeme u aktivnoj rečenici:
Present Simple.
Slijedite pravilo: glagol to be moramo staviti u
Present Simple, dakle am, is ili are (ovisno o
licu). Glagol keep je glavni glagol i njega stavljamo
u past participle, dakle kept. U rečenici to izgleda
ovako:
Documents are kept in folders.
4. korak
Ostatak rečenice (priložnu oznaku) smo prepisali,
a subjekt glavne rečenice u ovom slučaju nismo
uključili.
Aktivna rečenica:
We keep documents in folders.
Pasivna rečenica:
Documents are kept in folders.
Primjeri za Present Simple
 A: [We]S wash [our car] O every weekend.
P: [Our car] S is washed every weekend.
 A: [They] S repair [the bridge]O every two years.
P: [The bridge] S is repaired every two years.
A: [The company] S produces [its products]O in
Osijek.
P: [The products] S are produced in Osijek.
Ostala SIMPLE glagolska vremena
Podsjetimo na pravilo:
to be + V-ed (past participle)
Past Simple
They broke the window.
The window was broken.
Ostala SIMPLE glagolska vremena
to be + V-ed (past participle)
Present Perfect Simple
I have sold our old house.z
Our old house has been sold.
Past Perfect Simple
They hadn’t collected the rubbish.
The rubbish hadn’t been collected.
Future Simple
They will meet you at the station.
You will be met at the station.
Continuous glagolska vremena
 Continuous glagolska vremena tvore pasiv na isti način, iako se
continuous oblici za glagol to be inače ne koriste često:
to be + V-ed (past participle)
Present Continuous
They are repairing the bridge.
→ The bridge is being repaired.
Past Continuous
They were carrying the injured player off the field.
→ The injured player was being carried off the field.
Modalni glagoli
 Modalni glagoli (modal auxiliary verbs) su:
can, could, may, might, must, ought to, shall,
should, will, would; need, dare, used to
 Također mogu tvoriti pasiv i to koristeći pasivni
infinitiv:
(present infinitive) to keep > to be kept
(perfect infinitive) to have told > to have been told
Modalni glagoli
 Napomena: modalni glagoli uz sebe
vežu infinitiv bez ‘to’
You must/should shut these doors.
These doors must/should be shut.
They should/ought to have told him.
He should/ought to have been told.
Za one koji vole tablice...
TENSE/VERB FORM
ACTIVE
PASSIVE
keeps
is/are kept
is keeping
is/are being kept
kept
was/were kept
was keeping
was/were being kept
Present Perfect Simple
has kept
has/have been kept
Past Perfect Simple
had kept
had been kept
Future Simple
will keep
will be kept
Present Simple
Present Continuous
Past Simple
Past Continuous
Pasiv u koracima - skraceno
1. Odrediti S, V, O
2. O(A) → S(P)
3. S(A) → by(P)
4. V(A) → V(P) (pažnja: LICA)
Objekt i pasivne rečenice
 Samo glagoli koji imaju objekt mogu imati pasivni oblik:
[John] S swimms [every day]A. - no O, no passive!
Glagoli s dva objekta
 Neki glagoli mogu uz sebe imati dva objekta, direktni i
indirektni (Od i Oi). Bilo koji od ta dva objekta može biti
subjekt pasiva.
[They] offered [us] Oi[a new flat]Od.
Oi: [We] Swere offered a new flat.
Od: [A new flat] Swas offered to us.
 Kada indirektni objekt postaje subjekt pasivne rečenice,
mora biti u nominativu:
I’ll send her the books. → She will be sent the books.
I još o objektima
 Cijeli objekt postaje subjekt pasivne rečenice, bez
obzira koliko ‘dugačak’ bio:
He frightened [the pretty girl standing in the dark
corner].
[The pretty girl standing in the dark corner] was
frightened.
Upotreba pasiva
 Kada nije potrebno spominjati vršitelja radnje
(agent), jer je jasno iz konteksta tko ju vrši:
The streets are swept every day.
Your hand will be X-rayed.
 Kada ne znamo, ne znamo točno ili smo zaboravili
tko vrši radnju:
The minister was murdered.
My car has been moved!
Upotreba pasiva
 Ako je subjekt aktivne rečenice općenit, npr. people,
one:
He is suspected of receiving stolen goods.
This sort of advertisement is seen everywhere.
 Kada nas više zanima radnja, nego onaj tko ju vrši:
The house next door has been bought (by a Mr Jones).
A new public library is being built (by our local council).
Upotreba pasiva
 Ponekad se koristi iz psiholoških razloga,
kako bi se ogradili od odgovornosti prilikom
priopćavanja neugodnih vijesti:
Overtime rates are being reduced/will
have to be reduced.
This letter has been opened! (Tom
suspects Bill, but wishes to avoid giving
the name)
Navođenje vršitelja radnje
 Ako ipak želimo ili zbog smisla rečenice
moramo navesti vršitelja radnje,
koristimo by + akuzativ (zamjenice):
He was brought up by his (her) aunt.
Instrument
 Ako želimo spomenuti instrument
korišten za vršenje radnje koristimo
with:
He was killed with a knife.
Negacije u pasivnim rečenicama
 Usporedite sljedeće rečenice:
You can’t do anything. > Nothing can be done.
We are not doing enough.
> Not enough is being done.
> It is not being done enough.
Nobody has seen him.> He hasn’t been seen.
Upitne rečenice
 Upitne rečenice moraju ostati upitne i u pasivu:
Did you write that note on the fridge? >
Was that note on the fridge written by you?
Has he posted my letters? > Have my letters been posted?
Are they producing BMW in Germany? >
Is BMW being produced in Germany?
Exercises
 Our company builds roads/one road every year.
Roads are built every year by our company.
One road is built every year by our company.
 Our company is building two roads/a hotel.
 Our company built a hotel/4 hotels last year.
 Our company was building a hotel/five hotels.
 Our company has built a hotel/five hotels so far.
 Our company had built a hotel/five hotels before 1986.
 Our company will build a hotel next year.
 Our company could build a hotel.
 Our company must build five office buildings for a foreign customer.