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HOMEWORK This Week Continue building your Works Cited Page. Find at least 5 sources of at least 3 kinds to support your arguments. (e.g. Newspapers/Magazines, Surveys, Books, etc.) Be careful not to seek out only one opinion about your topic. Look for a wide variety of perspectives on your topic. Revise your Persuasive Essay: Change the order of two sentences. Rewrite two sentences to use parallelism. Replace passive verbs with active verbs Change general words to specific words Finish Fallacies Worksheet Works Cited When you use other people’s ideas in a researched essay, you must cite your sources within the essay. In some cases you may also need to provide full citations at the end of the essay to show where to find the original sources. Alphabetical by author’s last name Different formats for different types of entries See Handout Works Cited Hermans, Stephen. “Fernando Pessoa’s Lisbon of Disquiet.” Literary Traverler. 1 June 2010. Web. 20 Nov. 2012 Wharton, Edith. “The Other Two.” 50 Great Short Stories. Ed. Milton Crane. New York: Bantam Dell, 2005. Print. Thomas, Rob. “Short Stories Harvest Emotional The Capital Times. 25 Aug. 2006. Print Order: Hermas, Thomas, Wharton Landscapes.” Works Cited Trade papers with a partner. Check Formatting for errors. Alphabetical by author’s last name Different formats for different types of entries See Handout Writing Instructor: Mr. Faires Week 12, Fall 2015 Critical Reading & Writing Review: Read Critically 1. Ask Questions 2. Examine the Assumptions of an Argument Identify the Main Argument Analyze & criticize the Argument Assess the Evidence Answer: Are the conclusions supported by the evidence? What are the Alternatives? Review: Write Critically 1. Introduce your Argument Clearly 2. Clearly Present your Evidence in a Logical Flow that Leads to your Conclusion 3. Keep a Balanced Discussion Focused on the Specific Topic 4. Recognize the Limitations in Your Own Evidence 5. Recognize the Limits of the Conclusion Common Logical Fallacies 1. Non Sequitur (it does not follow) 2. Hasty Generalization 3. Ad hominem (against the man) 4. Bandwagon 5. Red herring (distraction from the point) 6. Either/Or Oversimplification (False Dichotomy) 7. False Analogy 8. Slippery Slope 9. False Cause (Post hoc, Ergo Propter hoc) 10. Begging the Question Logical Fallacies In support of her argument that global warming is damaging the environment, Susan cites Al Gore’s movie An Inconvenient Truth. However, Gore was a terrible Vice President and his hair looks greasy. Ad hominem (against the man) Nine months after George W. Bush took office January 2001, the economy took a nosedive. Thousands of jobs were lost and the stock market dropped by more than 30%. This demonstrates that Bush was a poor economic leader. False Cause Logical Fallacies All people have a right to freedom of speech because people should be able to say what they want to say. Begging the question In 2007, carbon emissions grew globally by approximately 8.8%. The following year, cancer diagnoses increased at approximately the same rate. This indicates that carbon emissions cause cancer. False Cause If we allow power to stay on all the time in students dormitories, they will stay up too late playing video games. They will be too tired to study, will fail their exams, not graduate, and RUC will no longer be one of China’s top universities. Slippery Slope Logical Fallacies I know the Professor said that the Bridges of Madison County was smarmy trash and lacked any artistic worth. But I still think he's wrong. After all, it was on the bestseller list for over 100 weeks Band Wagon BONUS: Your honor, the defendant must be guilty because no one can prove his innocence. Argument from ignorance (type of False Dichotomy) Logical Fallacies: your papers Sample Heavy punishment = revenge “[Rome] thought the heavy punishment could raise fear and therefore crimes would be stopped. But the fact was not as expected, even the emperor of Rome was murdered. From this historical fact, we can find that we can find that revenge can’t stop crime.” Can you see a logical weakness? Sample “To provide another angle, research has been done that people can only be really close to less than 10 people due to the brain capacity, and therefore, wider and easier connections do more good than harm, in terms of interpersonal relationships.” Can you see a logical weakness? Analysis or your work Trade papers with another student What are their assumptions? Is there a weakness in their argument? Is there a weakness in their evidence? How would you refute them? Last Week’s Homework Trade Journals and read your partner’s 3rd person story. Did they use only 3rd person? Circle any uses of 1st or 2nd person. Purpose: greater awareness – if you don’t see problems, you can’t fix them. Different versions of the same content Creativity Language/grammar awareness Emphasis Emphasis: Different Orders He was caught again. Caught, he was, again. Again he was caught. Therefore, go and spread the word. Go, therefore, and spread the word. Emphasis: Different Orders Rewrite one of the following sentences to change the emphasis: 1. I suppose you think that the Braves are the best baseball team in the world. 2. No matter how hard you try, there is nothing you can do to change the past. Emphasis: Parallelism I don’t want to be a tiger, ‘cause tigers play too rough. I don’t want to be a lion, ‘cause lions ain’t the kind you love enough. I just want to be your teddy bear. (Elvis Presley) “The King of Rock & Roll” Emphasis: Parallelism I came, I saw, I conquered. (Julius Caesar) First Emperor of Rome Commentarii de Bello Gallico (The Gallic Wars) Emphasis: Parallelism Rewrite one of the following sentences to make them parallel. 1. The musicians began not only to sing, but also dance. 2. I was nervous and frightened, and I hid my emotions. My sister showed the world that she felt confident and carefree. I was nervous and frightened, and I hid my emotions. My sister was confident and carefree, and she showed the world how she felt. Revising & Editing Sentences Use Parallelism Use a Consistent Point of View Use Specific words Use Active Verbs Use Concise Words Specific Words Use exact names. Luke fixed the muffler on his car. Luke fixed the muffler on his 2007 Chevrolet Impala. Use lively verbs. The flag moved in the breeze. The flag fluttered in the breeze. Use descriptive words (modifiers) before nouns. A man strained to lift the crate. A heavyset, perspiring man strained to lift the heavy wooden crate. Specific Words: Sense Words—sight, hearing, taste, smell, touch. The tourists enjoyed a picnic lunch of cheese, bread, and olives. The tourists enjoyed a picnic lunch of sharp cheese, crusty bread, and spicy olives. (taste) The campers built a fire of pine and cedar. The campers built a fire of aromatic pine and cedar. (smell) A noise told the crowd that there were two minutes left to play. A piercing whistle told the cheering crowd that there were two minutes left to play. (hearing) Neil stroked the kitten's fur until he felt its tiny claws on his hand. Neil stroked the kitten's velvety fur until he felt its tiny, needle-sharp claws on his hand. (touch) Fran placed a sachet in her bureau drawer. Fran placed a lilac-scented sachet in her bureau drawer. (smell) Active Verbs When the subject of a sentence performs the action of the verb, the verb is in the active voice. When the subject of a sentence receives the action of a verb, the verb is in the passive voice. Passive voice uses a form of the verb to be (am, is, are, was, were) and the past participle of the main verb (usually the same as its past-tense form). Look at the following active and passive forms. Active Verbs Passive: The computer was turned on by Hakim. Active: Hakim turned on the computer. P: The car's air conditioner was fixed by the mechanic. A: The mechanic fixed the car's air conditioner. P: The stream was diverted by the engineers. A: The engineers diverted the stream. P: The novel A Country Doctor was written by Sarah Orne Jewett. A: Sarah Orne Jewett wrote the novel A Country Doctor. Active Verbs Passive: In World War II, France, Holland, Norway, Hungary, Poland, Russia, and other countries were invaded by Germany. Active: In World War II, Germany invaded France, Holland, Norway, Hungary, Poland, Russia and other countries. In general, active verbs are more effective than passive verbs. Active verbs give your writing a simpler and more vigorous style.