Transcript Diapositiva 1 - Ercole Patti

GRAMMAR
RULES
Subject
Pronouns
The subject pronoun “I” is always
written in capital letters.
“He” and “she” are used to refer to
people or animals of male or female
gender.
“It” is used to refer to objects or
animals of unspecific gender.
ARTICLES
In English, the italian definite
articles: il, lo, la, I, gli, le are
translated by “the”; the indefinite
articles: un, uno, una by “a” or “an”.
We used “an” before a vowel sound
PLURAL
In English most nouns make
their plurals by simply adding –s to the
end.
•-es is added when the word ends with s,
sh, ch, x, z.
•If the noun ends with a consonant plus
-y, make the plural by changing -y to -ies
•With nouns that end in a consonant or a
single vowel plus -f or -fe, change the
• -f or -fe to -ves.
GENITIVE
The genitive case is when we add
apostrophe S (’s) to show possession,
that something belongs to another or
a type of relationship between things
To express possession you can use
this construction:
NAME HOLDER + 'S + WHAT HELD.
When the owners are more than one
adds' S to the final name.
PRESENT
SIMPLE
AFFERMATIVE FORM
The present simple ordinary
verbs has a unique form for all
persons except for the third
person singular, in which we
add an -S to the verb.
When verbs end in S-SH-CH-XZ-O we add -ES.
INTERROGATIVE FORM
Questions with the present simple
of ordinary verbs are made using
the auxiliary DO( DON’T) before the
subject. With the third person
singular we use DOES (DOESN’T)
DO / DOES + SUBJECT + VERB…?
NEGATIVE FORM
To form a negative sentence you
must use DO NOT (DON’T) or DOES
NOT (DOESN’T) between subject and
verb. DOESEN'T is used for the third
person singular. The order of the
negative sentence is:
SUBJECT +DO/ DOES + NOT + VERB
Past Simple
AFFERMATIVE FORM
The Simple Past is used to talk about
actions or situations in the past.
With most verbs the past tense is
formed by adding –ed, but there are a lot
of irregular past tenses in English.
INTERROGATIVE FORM
Questions with the Past
Simple of ordinary verbs
are made using DID (DIDN’T)
before the subject.
DID+ SUBJECT + VERB…?
NEGATIVE FORM
To form a negative sentence
you must use DID NOT (DIDN’T)
between subject and verb.
The order of the negative sentence is:
SUBJECT + DID+ NOT + VERB
PRESENT
CONTINUOUS
We use the Present Continuous Tense
to talk about:
• activities happening now.
• activities happening around now, and
not necessarily this very moment.
•activities happening in the near
future, especially for planned future
events.
Present continuous is formed with
the present simple of BE +verb+ ING
PAST
CONTINUOUS
The Past Continuous tense expresses
action at a particular moment in the
past. The action started before that
moment but has not finished at that
moment.
"set the scene" in stories: we use it
to describe the background situation
at the moment when the action
begins.
. We use the Past Continuous to
express a long action vs short action.
We can join the two ideas
with when or while
CAN
"Can" is one of the most commonly
used modal verbs in English. It can be
used to express ability or opportunity,
to request or offer permission, and to
show possibility or impossibility.
DEMONSTRATIE
ADJECTIVES
SINGULAR
PLURAL
This (questo)
These (questi)
That (quello)
Those (quelli)
These adjectives are used to modify a
noun so that we know which specific
person, place, or thing is
mentioned.“This” is used when we
talk about objects near to the
speaker, “That” for objects far from
the speaker.
Possessive
Adjectives
A possessive adjective is an
adjective that is used to show
ownership. It comes before a noun
in the sentence and lets us know
to whom the noun belongs.
They are:
MY, YOUR, HIS, HER, ITS, OUR,
YOUR and THEIR
Frequency
Adverbs
Adverbs that change or qualify the
meaning of a sentence by telling us how
often or how frequently something
happens are defined as adverbs of
frequency.
NEVER
MAI
SOMETIMES
QUALCHE VOLTA
OFTEN
SPESSO
USUALLY
DI SOLITO
ALWAYS
SEMPRE
Prepositions
Prepositions of Place are used to show the position
or location of one thing with another.
ON
SOPRA
IN
DENTRO
BEHIND
DIETRO
OPPOSITE
AL LATO OPPOSTO
BETWEEN
TRA DUE PERSONE O
COSE
NEXT TO
ACCANTO A
IN FRONT OF
DAVANTI A
NEAR
VICINO A
UNDER
SOTTO
Comparative and
Superlatives
Adjectives
To form comparatives and superlatives
you need to know the number
of syllables in the adjective. Syllables are
like "sound beats".
For instance:
“high" contains one syllable,
but “intelligent" contains four — in tel li
and gent.
COMPARATIVE ADJECTIVES
We use comparatives to compare two things or
two people.
-er
To form the comparative, we add
to the
end of the adjective and we introduce the
second one with than . For Adjectives with 2
syllables (that don't end in -y) and higher (3, 4
syllables etc), we use
more
Equality and inequality
as + adjective + as
not as + adjective + as
SUPERLATIVES ADJECTIVES
In the superlative you talk about one thing
only and how it is the best, worst, etc. You do
not compare two things. To form the
superlative, we add -est to the end of the
adjective. For Adjectives with 2 syllables
(that don't end in -y) and higher (3, 4
syllables etc), we use the
use of or
most . Than we
in depends on sentences
IRREGULAR
ADJECTIVES
There are also some irregular adjectives. We just
need to learn these forms.
ADJ.
COMP.
SUP.
GOOD
BETTER
THE BEST
BAD
WORSE
THE WORST
FAR
FARTHER
FARTHEST
MADE BY…
ELISA
LOMBARODO
and
SARA COSTA