Transcript For example - Rochester Community Schools

FINAL EXAM REVIEW
MRS. SATTERTHWAITE – LA10
ACT-STYLE QUESTION STEMS
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The primary purpose of the passage… (main idea)
The passage asserts … (the text says)
The author’s purpose … (main idea)
The main function of paragraph 2 … (main idea of
paragraph 2)
It can be reasonably deduced/inferred … (a logical
conclusion would be)
As it is defined in the passage … (word meaning)
The passage suggests … (gives hints but doesn’t not
directly state)
The tone of the passage … (overall vibe/feeling)
SENTENCE RELATIONSHIPS
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Cause and effect
Example
Contrast
Solution
Restatement
Expands
GRAMMAR CONCEPTS
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Subject-verb agreement
Pronoun-antecedent agreement
Apostrophe usage
Comma usage
Semi-colon usage
Fragments/run-ons
Spelling rules
Independent/dependent clauses
Simple/compound/complex/complex-compound
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
BASIC RULE
Singular subjects need
singular verbs.
Plural subjects need
plural verbs.
FOR EXAMPLE
• The dog needs to go for a walk.
Singular subject?
Verb generally ends with “s”
• The dogs need to go for a walk.
Plural subject?
Verb generally does not end with “s”
THESE CREATE PROBLEMS
• Pronouns such as everyone and everybody seem
plural, but they are always singular — so they
need a singular verb.
1. Everyone who worked on the
science project is a winner.
THE EXCEPTION TO THE RULE
• Words that end in “body,” “thing,” or “one” are
always singular.
• Ex: anybody, everybody, somebody,
nobody…anything, everything, something,
nothing…anyone, everyone, someone, no one.
THESE CREATE PROBLEMS
• Prepositional phrases may come between the
subject pronoun and its verb —IGNORE them!
Each of the basketball
players is excited about
tonight’s game.
THESE CREATE PROBLEMS
• Pronouns such as all and some have verbs that will
be determined by whether the pronoun is referring
to something that is COUNTABLE or not
(Countable = plural).
1. Some of the workers on
the building have left for the
day.
You could count
the workers.
THESE CREATE PROBLEMS
• Verbs that accompany pronouns such as all and
some will be determined by whether the pronoun is
referring to something that is COUNTABLE or not
(Not countable = singular).
1. Some of the salt was
spilled on the floor.
Salt is considered
one lump item.
THESE CREATE PROBLEMS:
• None can have a singular OR a plural verb.
None of the boys has helped at the
game.
Both are correct!
OR
None of the boys have helped at the
game.
THESE CREATE PROBLEMS
Phrases like together with, along with, and
as well as seem to combine subjects, but
they do not.
Some of the tile in our room, as well
as the hall, was soaked.
The major problem we had, together
with that of our teacher, was
Don’t be fooled
tardiness.
by extra phrases!
THESE CREATE PROBLEMS
When either and neither appear as a subject alone
(without the words or and nor), they are singular.
1. Either of those answers seems to
be right.
2. You can have the bed by the
window or the one by the door;
either is okay with me. Seem like plural
things.
CLOSEST TO THE VERB
• When either or neither appear WITH “or” or “nor,”
you determine singular or plural by the subject
CLOSEST to the verb.
• Neither the televisions nor the radio works.
• Neither the radio nor the televisions work.
THESE CREATE PROBLEMS
The words there and here are
never subjects.
1.Here are the papers you gave me.
2.Here is my answer.
Here is not
the subject.
PRONOUN-ANTECEDENT AGREEMENT
BASIC RULE
•All pronouns and their
antecedents need to
agree in person and in
number.
WHAT IS A PRONOUN?
• Take the place of a noun or another
pronoun
• Subject word: I, you, he, she, we, it,
they…
• Object word: me, us, them, him, her…
• Possessive word: mine, your, its, ours,
theirs…
WHAT IS AN ANTECEDENT?
• Definition: An antecedent is the word (noun or
pronoun) that the pronoun replaces.
Ex: Hermione Granger threw her wand down.
(the pronoun her replaces the noun Hermione)
Ex: When Ron saw the wand, he picked it up and
handed it to her.
(the pronoun it replaces the noun wand)
AGREEMENT IN PERSON
INCORRECT EXAMPLES:
• I hate to proofread my paper because
proofreading is such a boring thing for you to do.
• Why should I study literature? You don’t get
anything out of it.
AGREEMENT IN NUMBER
• Singular antecedents get singular pronouns.
-The boy tossed his hat on the ground.
• Plural antecedents get plural pronouns.
-The boys tossed their hats on the ground.
THOSE EXAMPLES ARE EASY.
•There are several other
exceptions that can
make this type of
agreement very
difficult!
PROBLEM 1: FIGURING OUT WHETHER
THE SUBJECT IS SINGULAR OR PLURAL
Ex: The jury took only two hours to
reach their verdict.
INCORRECT---why?
Correct Ex: The jury took only two
hours to reach its verdict.
PROBLEM 2: TRICKY WORDS
(SINGULAR)
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Another
Anybody
Anyone
Anything
Each
Either
Everybody
Everyone
Everything
Little
Much
•Neither
•Nobody
•No one
•Nothing
•One
•Other
•Somebody
•Something
•Someone
WRITE “SINGULAR” in
your notes
PROBLEM 3: SINGULAR NOUNS THAT
CAN REFER TO A MAN OR A WOMAN
Ex: A person should be able to make up their own mind
about prayer in schools
INCORRECT---why?
Ex: A person should be able to make up his or her own
mind about prayer in schools.
OR
PEOPLE should be able to make up their own minds
about prayer in schools.
APOSTROPHE USAGE
APOSTROPHE RULE 1
• 1. Use an apostrophe for common contractions.
• Examples: I’d, he’d, can’t, didn’t, hadn’t
APOSTROPHE RULE 2
• 2. Use an apostrophe in place of omitted letters or
numbers.
• Example: Class of ‘07
APOSTROPHE RULE 3
• 3. Use an apostrophe to express time or amount.
• Examples: yesterday’s newspaper, five dollars’
worth of grapes
APOSTROPHE RULE 4
• 4. Use an apostrophe to form possessives with
compound nouns.
• Example: my mother-in-law’s advice
APOSTROPHE RULE 5
• 5. Use an apostrophe to form certain plurals.
• Examples: two’s, C’s, and 6’s
APOSTROPHES FOR POSESSION
• Singular word = add ’s
• Girl’s dress, gentleman’s courtesy
• Singular word that ends in s = add ’s or just ’
• Kansas’s population OR Kansas’ population
• Plural word = add ’s
• Women’s club, people’s voting habits
• Plural word that ends in s = add ’
• Girls’ dresses, boys’ behavior
APOSTROPHES FOR POSESSION CONT.
• Shared item = add ’s to the end of the last name
• This is Uncle Henry, Grandpa Tony, and Aunt Judy’s car.
• Individual ownership in a series = add ’s to each
name
• We read Isaac’s, Tina’s, and George’s essays.
• Indefinite pronouns = add ’s
• Is this anyone’s business but hers?
COMMA
COMMA RULE 1
• 1. Use a comma before a coordinating conjunction
(and, or, but, nor, yet, for, so) that separates two
independent clauses.
• Example:
I like you, but I won’t go to prom with you.
COMMA RULE 2
• 2. Use a comma after an introductory word, phrase,
or clause that comes before a main clause.
• Examples:
Today, we will be learning about commas.
Yes, commas can be fun.
In addition, we will be editing our papers.
Though some people claim commas are hard to
understand, we know better.
COMMA RULE 3
• 3. Use commas around words, phrases, and clauses
in the middle of a sentence when they aren’t
essential to the meaning of the sentence.
• Examples:
Mrs. Satterthwaite, my English teacher, taught me
about commas.
New Jersey, the Garden State, is where my mom lives.
COMMA RULE 4
• 4. Use commas between items in a series.
• Example:
I went to the store to buy bananas, apples,
strawberries, and pears.
COMMA RULE 5
• Use commas before and after quotation marks
when using dialogue.
• Example:
“Learning about commas is fun,” Sally said.
OR
“Learning about commas,” Sally said, “is fun.”
COMMA RULE 6
• Use a comma before an afterthought or contrasting
element.
• Example:
To understand a particular culture, we must consider
the society as a whole, not its individual parts.
COMMA RULE 7
• 7. Use commas to set off geographical names,
items in dates, and professional titles.
• Examples:
Rochester Hills, MI
February 25, 2013
Sally Smith, Ph.D.
COMMA RULE 8
• 8. Use a comma to separate short fragments in a
series:
• Example:
The pilots chatted, looked at a map, and greeted the
passengers.
COMMA RULE 9
• 9. Use a comma to separate two or more adjectives
before a noun.
• Example:
Mr. Smith was a tall, handsome man.
COMMA RULE 10
• 10. Use a comma to set off names in a direct
address.
• Example:
Greg, are you going to the movies later?
SEMI-COLON
SEMI-COLON RULE 1
• 1. Use a semi-colon between the clauses of a
compound sentence IF they are not joined by a
conjunction and are closely related.
• Example: My sister is a prize figure skater; she will
compete in Tokyo next month.
SEMI-COLON RULE 2
• Use a semi-colon between clauses that are joined
by the following transitional words in a compound
sentence: however, for example, for instance,
furthermore, instead, moreover, nevertheless,
otherwise, accordingly, consequently, and
therefore.
• Example: The movie director wanted to start filming;
however, the weather prevented her from doing so.
SEMI-COLON RULE 3
• Use a semi-colon between items in a series that uses
a lot of commas.
• Example: He presented his book proposal to
publishers in San Francisco, California; Helena,
Montana; Detroit, Michigan; and Atlanta, Georgia.
COLONS
COLON RULE 1
• Use a colon to introduce a series of items.
• Example: Our English teacher introduced us to the
following American poets: Emily Dickinson, Walt
Whitman, Robert Frost, and Langston Hughes.
COLON RULE 2
• 2. Use a colon after the salutation of a business
letter.
• Example: Dear Mrs. Satterthwaite:
COLON RULE 3
• 3. Use a colon to divide hours from minutes and
chapter from verse in biblical references.
• Examples: It is 5:40 p.m., John 3:16
ITALICS AND UNDERLINE
ITALICS OR UNDERLINE RULE
• 1. Use italics or underline book titles, full-length play
titles, long poems, magazine titles, newspaper titles,
movie titles, television shows, paintings and
sculptures, ships, planes.
• Examples: To Kill a Mockingbird, The Crucible, The
Odyssey, Sports Illustrated, New York Times, Rocky,
The Tonight Show, The Last Supper, The Thinker, USS
Intrepid, Air Force One
HYPHENS
HYPHEN RULE 1
• 1. Use a hyphen to separate parts of certain
compound nouns.
• Example: editor-in-chief
HYPHEN RULE 2
• 2. Use a hyphen between two words that comprise
a single adjective only when the adjective
precedes the noun that it modifies.
• Example: The bramble-covered path was not
popular.
• Note: You do NOT have to use a hyphen if the first
word of the two-word adjective ends in –ly (The
heavily traveled road was full of potholes.)
HYPHEN RULE 3
• 3. Use a hyphen when writing out numbers.
• Examples: twenty-one, ninety-nine, fifty-six
TYPES OF SENTENCES
1. A SIMPLE SENTENCE …
• Has one independent clause.
• Independent Clause: a group of words that
contains a subject and verb and expresses a
complete thought.
• EXAMPLES:
• Jake reads magazines.
• Jake reads magazines
and novels.
• Jake and Keli read
magazines.
*NOTICE: No
punctuation (commas
or semi-colons) are
needed for these
types of sentences
(almost always).*
2. A COMPOUND SENTENCE …
• Has two independent clauses joined by a:
• semi-colon
• comma and coordinating conjunction (____,
and; ____, but; ____, or, etc.)
• semi-colon or comma, then a transition word
(____; however, … ____, therefore, etc.)
• EXAMPLE:
• Jake reads magazines,
but Keli reads comics.
• Jake reads magazines;
however, Miranda reads
comics.
• Jake reads magazines;
his friend reads comics.
*NOTICE: A comma
or a semi-colon is
needed for these
types of sentences.*
Use a semi-colon between
independent clauses
(complete sentences)
OR
An independent clause+
comma+ conjunction or
transition word followed by
the additional clause
3. A COMPLEX SENTENCE …
• Has one dependent clause (which does not
express a complete thought) followed by an
independent clause.
EXAMPLES:
• Although Jake reads
books, Miranda reads
comics.
• Jake, who reads
comics, rarely reads
novels.
*NOTICE: Separate
dependent and
independent clauses
with a comma or
commas.*
4. A COMPLEX-COMPOUND SENTENCE …
• Has two independent clauses joined to one or
more dependent clauses.
• Punctuation patterns are the same as they
would be for compound and complex sentences.
FAHRENHEIT 451
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Montag
Clarisse McClellan
Faber
Mildred
Beatty
Mechanical Hound
Granger
Clara Phelps
QUOTES
• “For the first time I realized that a man was behind each
one of the books. A man had to think them up. A man
had to take a long time to put them down on paper.” Montag
• “Once, books appealed to a few people, here, there,
everywhere. They could afford to be different. The
world was roomy.” - Beatty
• “No front porches. My uncle says there used to be front
porches. And people sat there sometimes at night,
talking when they wanted to talk, rocking, and not
talking when they didn’t want to talk. Sometimes they
just sat there and thought about things.” - Clairsse
QUOTES
• “The keys to the beetle are on the night table. I
always like to drive fast when I feel that way … It’s
fun out in the country. You hit rabbits, sometimes
you hit dogs.” - Mildred
• “We must all be alike. Not everyone born free and
equal, as the Constitution says, but everyone made
equal. Each man the image of every other, then all
are happy.” - Beatty
• “We’re heading right for the cliff, Millie. I don’t want
to go over. This isn’t going to be easy. We haven’t
anything to go on, but maybe we can piece it out
and figure it and help each other.” - Montag
QUOTES
• “I want to be happy, people say. Well, aren’t they?
Don’t we keep them moving, don’t we give them fun?
That’s all we live for, isn’t it? For pleasure, for titillation?
And you must admit our culture provides plenty of
these.” - Beatty
• “My wife, my wife. Poor Millie, poor, poor Millie. I can’t
remember anything. I think of her hands, but I don’t see
them doing anything at all. They just hang there at her
sides or lay there on her lap or there’s a cigarette in
them.” - Montag
• “Play the man, Master Ridley; we shall this day light such
a candle, by God’s grace, in England, as I trust shall
never be put out.” – an old woman (before she lights
herself/her books on fire)
QUOTES
• “Ladies, once a year, every fireman’s allowed to
bring one book home, from the old days, to show
his family how silly it all was, how nervous that sort of
thing can make you, how crazy.” - Mildred
• “The good writers touch life often. The mediocre
ones run a quick hand over her. The bad ones rape
her and leave her for the flies.” - Faber
• “My cowardice is of such passion, complementing
the revolutionary spirit that lives in its shadow, I was
forced to design this.” - Faber
QUOTES
• “I plunk the children in school nine days out of
ten…They’d just as soon kick me as kiss me. Thank
God, I can kick back.” – Mrs. Bowles
• “Everyone must leave something behind when he
dies, my grandfather said. A child or a book or a
painting, or a house … Something your hand has
touched in some way so your soul has somewhere
to go when you die.” - Granger
• “It’s fine work. Monday burn Millay, Wednesday
burn Whitman, Friday Faulkner, burn ‘em to ashes,
then burn the ashes.” - Montag
QUOTES
• “Do your own bit of saving, and if you drown, at
least die knowing you were headed for shore.” Faber
• “I’ve always said, poetry and tears, poetry and
suicide and crying and awful feelings, poetry and
sickness; all that mush! Now I’ve had it proved to
me.” – Mrs. Bowles
• “No, no, it’s not the books at all you’re looking for!
Take it where you can find it, in old phonograph
records, old motion pictures, and in old friends; look
for it in nature and look for it in yourself.” - Faber
QUOTES
• “We’re used to that. We all made the right kind of
mistakes, or we wouldn’t be here. When we were
separate individuals, all we had was rage. I struck a
fireman when he came to burn my library years
ago.” - Granger
• “If you can hide your ignorance, no one will hit you
and you’ll never learn. Now, pick up your feet, into
the firehouse with you! We’re twins, we’re not alone
anymore, we’re not separated out in different
parlors, with no contact between.” - Faber
A RAISIN IN THE SUN
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Mama
Big Walter Sr.
Walter Lee
Ruth
Travis
Benetha
George
Asagai
Mr. Lidner
QUOTES
• “Eat your eggs.” - Ruth
• “You wear it well… very well… mutilated hair and all” Asagai
• “It’s just that I get tired of Him {god} getting credit for all
the things the human race achieves through its own
stubborn effort.” - Benetha
• “Because I hate assimilationist Negroes!” - Benetha
• “And there’s a yard with a little patch of dirt where I
could maybe grow me a few flowers…” – Mama
• “So you butchered up a dream of mine, you, who
always taking ‘bout your children’s dreams…” – Walter
Lee
QUOTES
• “I say that for the happiness of all concerned that our
Negro families are happier when they live out in their
own communities.” – Mr. Lidner
• “That money is made out of my father’s flesh!” – Walter
Lee
• “Sometimes you just go to know when to give up some
things… and hold on to what you got…” - Mama
• “And we have decided to move into our house
because my father- he earned it for us brick for brick” –
Walter Lee
• “I’ll…scrub all the sheets in America if I have to- but we
got to MOVE! We got to get OUT OF HERE!!” - Ruth
QUOTES
• “Did you see yourself on that Great Day sitting
down at the Conference Table, surrounded by all
the mighty bald-headed men in America?” Benetha
• “I’m a giant surrounded by ants.” – Walter Lee
• “People can get awful worked up when they feel
that their whole way of life and everything they’ve
ever worked for is threatened.” – Mr. Lidner
RESEARCH
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Outline format
Works cited format
“Internal documentation” (“Name of Article”)
Gale and SIRS
Google
Plagiarized, paraphrased or summarized
QUESTIONS?