Transcript energy - Maslowe Science

Warmup 8/25
1. What are the major types of energy of the
following before the collision and after?
Man
Concrete
2. What other types of energy
are probably present?
Warmup 8/25
• What are the major types of energy of the
following before the collision and after?
• Balloon
• Water
• Person
• What other types of
energy are probably
present?
What helps us understand space?
• Actual samples from space
• Particle accelerators
• Telescopes
• All wavelengths of light
What is Light?
• Energy
• Electromagnetic wave
• Can travel without a medium (matter)
• Transverse waves
Many Types of Light
• Electromagnetic spectrum
• All travel at the speed of light (3x108 m/s)
• Vary in wavelength and frequency
• Radio
• Microwave
• Infrared
• Visible
• Ultraviolet
• X-ray
• Gamma
Types and Uses
Energy in Waves
• Which set of “hills” takes more energy to run?
• High energy
• Short wavelength
• High frequency
• Large amplitude
Really Muscular
Idiots
Visualize
Ultra X-treme Grannies
Scientific Notation
• Used to write really
BIG or
small
numbers easily.
• For example...
100000000000000000000000 stars in the universe
Easier…
1 x 1024 stars in the universe
That means 1 followed by 24 zeros.
The Better Way
• How can we use this for all numbers?
Earth to Pluto – 4,670,000,000 miles
- There are 9 numbers after the 4 so… 109
- Since the non-zero numbers are 467…
4.67 x 109
• Standard form to scientific notation
• 7,345
• 0.000007
• Can you go backwards?
Scientific notation to standard form
• 9.807 x 1012
• 2.11 x 10-6
Warmup 8/26-27
1. List the types of light in the Electromagnetic
spectrum in order. Which type of light do you
think is the most useful to humans and WHY?
2. Change 6,200,000,000 scientific notation.
3. Change 7.31 x 103 to standard notation.
How has our “picture” of the universe
changed?
• Greeks
• Aristotle
• Earth-centered
• Rotating spheres
Early Scientists
• Galileo
• Copernicus
• Kepler
• Newton
• Mathematical laws
about movement of
planets
• First to use telescope
in astronomy
• Calculation of gravity
• Sun-centered universe
Next generation of scientists…
• Einstein
• Calculations
• Universe changing size
• Disbelieved
• Added a constant to his
equations
• Results = static universe
http://wouterdeheij.wordpress.com/2013/04/27/famous-innovation-quotes-from-steve-jobs-gunter-pauli-einstein-henry-ford-and-many-others/
• Friedmann
• Removed Einstein’s
constant
• Universe changing shape
• Won Einstein’s approval
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aleksandr_Fridman.png
The Big Bang Theory
• Lemaitre
• Priest and physicist
• Universe began as a
single point
• Expanded since that time
• Hubble
• Astronomer
• Published around same time
• Provided evidence
http://scienceblogs.com/startswithabang/2011/01/05/q-a-how-is-the-universe-so-big/
Spectroscopy Activity
Draw the lines that you see
• Make sure the # of lines, color of the lines
and order is accurate
Write a conclusion – based on your
observations, what can you conclude about
the different materials and light you see the
material produce?
How is a spectrum created?
• All objects emit light
• Pure light from a
source
• Continuous spectrum
• If light passes
through gas or dust
• Light absorbed
• Excites/heats atoms
• Emit own light
• Makes an emission
spectrum
• Unique
https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/~jb
attat/a35/cont_abs_em.html
What does a
spectrum tell us?
• Each chemical or
atom has a unique
spectrum.
• Like a fingerprint
• What chemicals are
present
http://www.umsl.edu/~physics/Lab%20Connection/Electricity%20and%20Magnetism%20Lab/12-lab13.html
How do astronomers use spectra?
• Look at light from
• Stars (gas in outer layers)
• Nebula
• Determine chemical composition
• Can also determine movement of object
http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/eduoff/cas/cas2004/casreports-2004/rep-236/
Unknown
Sodium
Hydrogen
Lithium
Mercury
Warm Up #2
• Why are emission spectra important?
• How are emission spectrum created?
• What 2 things can astronomers learn
by looking at the spectrum from a
star?
Hubble’s Evidence - Redshift
• Change in emission spectrum
• Same pattern
• Shifted from where it should be
Relating back to light…
• Blue-shift
• Moving towards us
• Wavelength shortens
• Red-shift
• Moving away from us
• Wavelength lengthens
• Bigger the shift the further
away it has come from
• Hubble only saw red-shifted
spectra
http://archive.ncsa.illinois.edu/Cyberia/Bima/doppler.html
Hubble’s Conclusions
• Universe
moving away
from us
• Things further
away are
moving away
faster
• Expansion rate
has
since beginning
https://www.e-education.psu.edu/astro801/book/export/html/1967
Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation
• Further evidence of the big
bang
• Picture =
• Universe all same temp
• Very cold
• Not what we actually see
• Where else could the
microwaves come from?
• Extreme red-shift
• From a high energy wave
• Travel long distances
• Oldest light we observe
• Time when universe was all the
same temp.
• The Big Bang
“Why do we use/have to learn
about the Metric System?”
 Scientists
need a universal way to
communicate data.
 195
countries in the world use metric
system. 3 don’t.
 Other
countries’ companies are refusing
to buy products from the U.S.A. if they are
not labeled in metric units.
“What does the Metric System
measure?”
Length - meters, m
 Mass – grams, g
 Volume - liters, L
 Time - seconds, s
 Temperature - Celsius, ºC

Metric Conversion
(Staircase Method)
To convert to a smaller unit, move
decimal point to the right
Kilo (k)
1000 Hecto (h)
units
100 Deka (da)
units
10
Basic
units
Unit Deci (d)
(m, g, L) 0.1 Centi (c)
units
0.01 Milli (m)
units
0.001
To convert to a larger unit, move
units
decimal point to the left
For example…
7000 mg = ____ g
Kilo (k)
1000 Hecto (h)
units
100 Deka (dk)
units
10
Basic
units
Unit Deci (d)
(m, g, L) 0.1 Centi (c)
units
0.01 Milli (m)
Step 1: Determine if you are
units
0.001
going to go up or down the staircase.
Step 2: Determine how many steps
there are from milligrams to grams.
Step 3: Move the decimal that many places.
units
For example…
7000 mg = ____ g
Kilo (k)
1000 Hecto (h)
units
100 Deka (dk)
units
10
Basic
units
Unit Deci (d)
(m, g, L) 0.1 Centi (c)
units
0.01 Milli (m)
Step 1: Determine if you are
units
0.001
going to go up or down the staircase.
Step 2: Determine how many steps
there are from milligrams to grams.
Step 3: Move the decimal that many places.
units
Let’s practice…
.15 L = _________ mL
20 cm = _________ m
.47 km = _________ mm
Warm-up
What is Space?
• Is it empty?
• Brainstorm a list with your neighbor
of 5 things you might find in space …
• Interstellar medium
• Dust and Gas
• Nebulas
Orion Nebula
http://hubblesite.org/gallery/album/nebula/pr1995044a/
Large Magellanic Cloud
http://hubblesite.org/gallery/album/nebula/pr2006055a/
Nebular Hypothesis
• How do we get from Point A
to Point B?
• Random collisions of atoms
• Areas of growing mass
• Spherical shape
• Pull in more matter
• Increase in
• Temperature
• Pressure
• Spin
• Creates a bulge in the sphere
http://physics.uoregon.edu/~jimbrau/BrauImNew/Chap06/FG06_17.jpg
Nuclear Fusion
• High temperatures
• 2 particles become 1
• Releases a lot of
energy
http://www.universetoday.com/52696/nuclear-fusion-power-closer-to-reality-say-two-separate-teams/
• Video clip
• Particle accelerators
• Man-made
• Create new elements
• Find smallest particles
Fermi National Lab
http://www.wired.com/playbook/2012/08/olympics-physics-hammer-throw/
Color and Temperature
• What did you see as a pattern?
• Objects give off a variety of light
• Peak depends on temperature
• Peak shows most common type of light
http://docs.kde.org/stable/en/kdeedu/kstars/ai-colorandtemp.html
H-R Diagram Graphing Activity
• Look for patterns
http://www.rootstown.sparcc.org/mattjust/h-r-diagram
http://www.spacetelescope.org/videos/heic1017b/
Main Sequence Stars
• Find group on H-R
•
•
•
•
diagram
Wide variety
Highest # of stars
Stars stay here the
longest
Actively fusing hydrogen
into helium
http://www.rootstown.sparcc.org/mattjust/h-r-diagram
• Outward pressure from
fusion
• Inward pressure from
gravity
• Equal in these stars
• Maintain size
http://www.thenakedscie
ntists.com/HTML/article
s/article/the-science-ofthe-supernova/
How do we know how far away that is?
• Parallax effect
• Compare distant stars to
nearby stars
• Measure shift as Earth
orbits the Sun
• Calculate the distance
• Further away = less of
a shift
• Better technology =
see smaller shifts =
measure larger
distances
http://lifeng.lamost.org/courses/astrotoday/CHAISSON/AT301/HTML/AT30105.HTM
http://astronomy.nmsu.edu/aruiter/ASTRONOMY110/parallax.gif
Looking Back in Time
• If a star is 10 light years
away
• How old is the light we
see today?
• Is that star still there
today?
• If an alien is on a planet
10 million light years
away
• If they could see with the
Earth with great detail,
what would they see
right now?
• When we observe light
from a star 2 billion light
years away….what
does that mean?
http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/heic1214c/
Light-Years
• Distances in space are very large
• Created new unit - Light year
• Distance
• 9.5×1012 km or 5.9×1012 mi
• Proxima Centauri : 2.5 x 1013 miles
Daily Review #6
What happens to our Sun?
http://flightline.highline.edu/iglozman/classes/astronotes/media/2paths.jpg
• Form red giants
• Fusing helium
• Core collapsing
• Outer layers
spread out
• Cools
http://www.physics.uc.edu/~hanson/ASTRO/LECTURENOTES/StarLife/Page7.html
What then?
• Forms a white dwarf
• Ran out of helium
• No more fusion
• Outer gasses moving away
• Planetary nebula
http://chandra.harvard.edu/xray_sources/white_dwarfs.html
• Leaves a hot, dense core
Ring Nebula
http://hubblesite.org/gallery/album/nebula/planetary/pr2004032d/
Cat’s Eye Nebula
http://hubblesite.org/gallery/album/nebula/planetary/pr2004027a/
What about the fate of larger stars?
• Become red supergiants
• Fuse elements larger than
helium
• All the way to iron
• Short lives
• Supernova
• No more fusion
• Core violently explodes
• Fuses heavier atoms
• Very bright, short time
• Spreads out material
http://hubblesite.org/gallery/album/nebula/supernova_remnant/pr2005037a/
http://flightline.highline.edu/iglozman/classes/astronotes/media/2paths.jpg
What then?
• Forms a neutron
star
• If a lower mass core
• Very dense
• Not very big
• Lots of gravity
Neutron star in supernova Cassiopeia A
http://www.space-pictures.com/view/pictures-of-space/pictures-of-stars/neutron-star/index.php
• Can produce
gamma and x-rays
when it pulls items
into it
http://www.clccharter.org/maya1/Supernova/supernova.html
Or…
• Forms a black hole
• Higher mass cores
• Infinitely dense
• Need to travel faster than the speed
of light to escape
http://www.space.com/15421-black-holes-facts-formation-discovery-sdcmp.html
• How can we see?
• Will bend light from nearby stars
• See dust and gas swirling around
• Hot enough to give off x-rays
• Probably at the center of most
galaxies
• Including ours!
• Video
Whirlpool Galaxy
http://hubblesite.org/gallery/album/pr2001010a/
Warm Up #4
• What is happening inside a red supergiant
star?
• What happens in a supernova?
• How is a neutron star different from a black
hole?
• Why should we not be able to see a black
hole?
• Why can we “see” a black hole?
Age of the Universe
• Rocks on Earth
• 4.2 billion years
• Oldest stars
• 10-12 billion years
• Universe must be older
• Estimate backwards
• 13.8 billion years
http://www.universeadventure.org/big_bang/conseq-ageofuniv.htm
http://scienceblogs.com/startswithabang/2009/07/31/the-size-of-the-universe-a-har/
What happens next?
• Big Crush
• Stops expanding
• Gravity causes to crush
• Repeat the process
• Big Chill
• Expand at slowing rate
• Get cooler as expands
• Big Rip
• Expand at increasing rate
• Everything gets ripped apart
http://ffden-2.phys.uaf.edu/212_fall2003.web.dir/eli_sonafrank/Expansion_-_Fate_of%23168EE9.html
http://sandeepdmisra.wordpress.com/2011/04/
What else is out there?
• Visible matter
• Dark matter
• Does not give off light
• Things weigh more than they should
• Dark energy
• Causing the increase in expansion
rate seen in most recent data
• Thus fate of the universe is…
• Big Rip
• Adding these items makes
models better fit actual
observations
http://hubblesite.org/hubble_discoveries/dark_energy/de-what_is_dark_energy.php
Warm Up #3
• What makes a star a main sequence
star?
• Why does the size of the core of a
main sequence star not change?
• What will eventually happen to our
Sun and why?
Metric System Olympics
• Create a data table to organize the
following items (one per group)
• You will be doing the following “events” – paper
plate “discus”, straw “javelin” and long jump
• For each “event” you will need a measurement,
then you will change that measurement to
another unit, and you will write this last unit in
scientific notation