Transcript Parts of Speech

English 101
 Nouns
 Pronouns
 Adjectives
 Verbs
 Adverbs
 Prepositions
 Conjunctions
 Interjections
What part of speech is
tree?
 Person,
place, thing, or idea
 Usually
tangible, except ideas


Common Nouns—high school
Proper Nouns—Chestnut Ridge High School
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kfnXUWJ
z0sE
 Used
in place of nouns
 makes the language easier and less repetitive
 Types of Pronouns







Personal—he, she, it, they, we, us, you,…
Intensive—I myself will do the work
Reflexive—refers back to subject: You must go
yourself.
Demonstrative---that book, those papers
Indefinite---12-4-5 (everybody, everyone, all,
some)
Numeral---one, two, three
Interrogative---ask questions (who, what, when…
12
(He)
4
(They)
5
Everybody
Both
Some
Everyone
Few
Any
Somebody
Several
None
Someone
Many
All
Nobody
No one
Anybody
Anyone
Each
One
Either
Neither
Most
PP
Use these cheater codes:
He=Who
Him=Whom
His=Whose
Examples:
1. (Who, Whom) is going on the trip?
2. To (who, whom) should I give the money?
Modify nouns or pronouns
 Questions







What kind?
How much?
How many?
Which one?
Whose?
Inflection
Positive
 Comparative—compare two things (add –er or use more
or less)
 Superlative—compare three or more (add –est or most)


Predicate Adjectives: Subject + Linking Verb + PA
 Positive:


The soup is good.
The carpet is ugly.
The snow is beautiful.
 Comparative:
The soup is better than the
toast.



The carpet is uglier than Carissa’s hair.
The snow is more beautiful than the rain.
The snow is less beautiful than the rain.
 Superlative:
Green Harvest soup is the best
soup of all.



The carpet is the ugliest I have ever seen.
The snow is the most beautiful there is.
The snow is the least beautiful of all precipitation.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NkuuZEey_bs
 Prepare
(for further study) concerning the
English test.
 He begged his sobbing girlfriend to tell him
the entire story of the incestuous, sordid
lust.
 Gregory smiled with crooked teeth and
slobbery lips.
 That red-haired girl has a bountiful
disposition.
 The American flag is red, white, and blue.
 I want eight of those delicious apples.
 Action—show
action
 Linking/Being—am,
is, are, was, were, be,
being, been (seem, become, taste, etc.)
 Helping/Auxiliary—am,
is, are, was, were, be,
being, been, have, has, had, do, does, did, shall,
should, can, could, will, would…
 Action
or linking: smell, taste, feel, appear,
remain, become, seem…
 The
I
soup tasted good.
tasted the soup.
 Transitive—has


a direct object (DO)
Action is transferred from the subject to the
object
Formula: Subject + Action Verb->Whom/What?
 Intransitive—no
 He

threw the ball.
Think: He threw what? (the ball is the DO)
 John

direct object
threw up.
Think: John threw what? (no DO—up is an
adverb)
 If
there is an indirect object (IO), it must
follow this formula:



Subject + Action Verb -> IO DO
She threw me the ball.
She threw the ball (to me). S+ AV+ DO
 Follow
linking verbs
 Types

Predicate Adjective



She is pretty.
My older brother is annoying.
Predicate Noun


The boy in the front row is my brother-in-law.
The kid in my ninth period class is a nuisance.
 Always
look at the last verb in the verb
phrase:



I am going to the mall.
I am tired.
I have been truthful with him.
 Modifies
verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs
 Usually end in –ly, but not always!

Example: lovely is an adjective
 Usually
are movable in the sentence
 Odd adverbs: very, not, quite, rather,
tomorrow
 Questions adverbs answer:





How?
When?
Where?
Why?
To what extent?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Pete smelled the flowers and grinned.
Diane was running home when it happened.
I would never have thought that such a thing
could happen.
The police raided the pool (adj.) room (DO).
My wife loves [to play bingo.] (Do)
Anna’s (adj.) anger rose swiftly.
He jumped (into the pool) and began
[swimming] (DO).
Christa was jogging (with her dog) (along the
track).
 We
walked slowly (ADV) (to the bus).
 He
never (adv.) studies (for his math tests).
 Quietly
(adv), he trudged home (adv.) (to his
mother.)
 The
sassy (adj.) squirrel rarely (adv.) runs
(across the busy highway).
 She
is truly (adv.) sorry (PA).
 Connectors
of compound
sentences
 Examples:
However,
furthermore, nevertheless,
subsequently, thus…
I
was angry; nevertheless, I
apologized anyway.
 S1; CA, S2.
 Show
relation
 Examples:
in, on, up, down, below, along,
during, with, between, but (when it means
“except”), upon, of, …
 Compound
prepositions: according to, in
spite of, because of, together with, out of,
as far as

End in a noun or pronoun







To the store
With me
By the lake
During the game
Beneath the pile
Of leaves
Function as adjectives or adverbs
We saw him under the bridge. (answers Where? =adv.)
 The boy with the red hair is my brother.(answers which
one?)

 Joining
words
 Types

Coordinating (7 of them)


Correlative—always are in pairs


And, or, nor, but, for, so, yet
Both/and; either/or; neither/nor; not only/but also
Subordinate—introduce dependent clauses

If, where, although, because, since, unless, etc.
I
will go {if you accompany me.} sub.
 {Because she was tired,} Mary went (to bed)
early.
 Mary went to bed early because she was
tired.
 Neither John nor Harry is able [to attend the
meeting.]
 (You) Go and lie down (for a while).
 Show
surprise
 Examples:
 Also,
Oh, yes, no, well, gosh…
many curse words fall into this
category!
 Rise—means



“to go up” or “went up”
Intransitive
Does it all by itself
Rise, Rose, Have Risen
 Raise----means



“to put up” or “caused”
Transitive—has a direct object usually
Someone is doing something to something else
Raise, Raised, Have Raised
 Please
(rise, raise) the window to let in some
air.
 I (rose, raised) my hand to answer a
question.
 The sun (rose, raised) in the eastern sky.
 The smoke from the chimney (rose, raised)
into the air.
 Prices (rose, raised) to an all-time high.
 The manager (rose, raised) the prices.
 Rise—go



up
Rise
Rose
Have risen
 Raise—put



up (transitive—DO)
Raise
Raised (past)
Have raised
 Sit—means



Intransitive
Does it all by itself
Sit, Sat, Have Sat
 Set—means



“rest”
“put” or “place”
Transitive
Someone is doing something to something else
Set, Set, Have Set
 Please
(sit, set) the vase on the counter.
 (Sit, Set) down on that chair.
 The vase has been (sitting, setting) on the
counter for months.
 The salivating dog (set, sat) on his haunches
and stared at the bunny.
 I have (sat, set) the money on the dresser for
you.
 Since I have (sat, set) here, I have seen no
one.
 Lie—means




Intransitive
Does it all by itself
Lie, Lay, Have Lain (Napped)
Today I lie in the sun; yesterday I lay in the sun; I
have lain in the sun.
 Lay—means



“rest”
“put”
Transitive
Someone does something to something else
Lay, Laid, Have Laid
Present Past
Lie
lay
Lay
Laid
 Please
Past Part.
have lain
have laid
(lie, lay) your coat on the chair.
 I am going home to (lay, lie) in the sun.
 A ten dollar bill (lay, laid) on the
sidewalk.
 I have (laid, lain) in bed for two hours.
Means
rest
place
 Regular
Verbs
 Most verbs are made into the past
tense by adding –ed.
 Irregular Verbs
 Do not add –ed to make them past
tense.
 Instead the verb changes.
 Example: go, went, gone
 Active—the


subject is doing the verb
He threw the ball.
Mary chased the cat.
 Passive—the


subject is not doing the verb
The ball was thrown by him.
The cat was chased by Mary.
 ACTIVE
VOICE IS PERFERRED!!!
 Indicative—statement
of fact or close relation to
reality



The mouse scared me.
Did the mouse scare you?
I like pink pajamas.
 Imperative—express


command or request
Take this to the office.
Please put your books away.
 Subjunctive—expresses
hope, wish, possibility or
condition contrary to fact



If I were president…
I wish that I were in Paris.
Let the ballots be counted.
 Regular—add

–ed to ending
Regular verbs are called WEAK verbs.
 Irregular—change

the vowels or forms
Irregular verbs are called STRONG verbs.
 Lie
 Rise
I do it all by myself.
Intransitive
 Sit
 Set
 Raise
 lay
Placing something.
Transitive
 Look
like verbs, but function as something
other than the verb in the sentence
3



types of verbals
Gerunds
Participles
Infinitives
 Looks
like a verb, but functions as a noun
 Always
 What





ends in –ing
kind of noun can it be?
Subject
Direct object
Predicate noun
Object of the preposition
Appositive
 S[Hiking]
is my favorite hobby PN.
 I love [swimming]. DO
 My favorite sport is [curling.] PN
 My uncle made his [living] DO (by
[snorkeling].op) (2 in this one!)
 My favorite hobby, [skipping]APP, keeps me
(in shape).
 [Swimming
(in the ocean)] is my favorite
hobby.
I
enjoy [hiking (in the mountains).]
 The
love of my life is [backpacking (through
Europe).]
 Complete
questions 1, 3, 5, 7,9,11
 Look
like verbs, but act like adjectives
 2 types

Past Participles: usually end –ed, unless it is an
irregular verb



[Burdened (by the heavy load)], he trudged (up the
mountain).
[Stung (by a bee)], the little boy cried.
Present Participles: end in –ing


[Crying like a baby,] Tyler ran home.
Tyler, crying like a baby, ran home.
 Complete
questions 4, 8, 10, 13, 15
 The
word “to” plus a verb.
 Function as adjectives, adverbs, or nouns
I
want [to go (to the store).] DO NOUN
 The tests [ to be [graded]] are (on my desk).
 [To stop [smoking]] is a difficult task.
 In
the wrong place in the sentence.
 Example:


Jumping up and down hysterically, I took my puppy
to the park.
Correct: Jumping up and down hysterically, my
puppy went to the park with me.
 Have

no antecedent
Antecedent—word to which it refers back to
 Example:


When typing, semicolons should be used with
care.
When typing, you should use semicolons with
care.
 Declarative—makes

a statement
Ends in a period
 Interrogative—question

Ends in a question mark
 Imperative—command


or request
Usually ends in period or exclamation point
Sit.
 Exclamatory—a

sentence
sentence said with feeling
Ends in exclamation point
 Dependent
(Subordinate)—have a subject and
verb but cannot stand alone



Since he was gone
Because he was late
Although they were fighting
 Independent—are



sentences, stands alone
He was late for class.
They were fighting in the hall.
He was gone on vacation.
 Simple—one



sentence
He went on vacation.
Becky and Jane saw the muskrat.
(Around the bend) (in the road), Becky saw the overturned
car and was horrified.
Compound—two or more sentences joined
together
 She saw the boy, and he skipped home.
 She saw the boy; he skipped home.









, and
, but
, or/nor
, for
, so
, yet
;
Formula: Sentence 1 ,C Sentence 2

Sentence 1 ; Sentence 2
 Has
one sentence and at least one dependent
clause
 C Although he was late, the teacher did not
yell at him. S
 Although he was late, the teacher did not
yell at him because he made an excuse.
 At
least 2 sentences and at least one
dependent clause
 Since he was late, the teacher yelled, and
the principal screamed.
 Simple—one
sentence
 Compound—two or more sentences
 Complex—one sentence with one or more
clauses
 Compound/Complex— two or more sentences
with at least one clause
 Mary
was nervous until the movie started. X
 My sister has written me regarding her plans
(for the coming year). S
 To become a literate person, one must read
and write (with discipline). S
 Study the assignment, or you may be sorry. C
 Joining
of equal parts
 Compound Sentences: , and ,but (coordinating conj)
…
;
 Compound Parts: compound subject, compound verb
 Correlatives : come in pairs






Both…and
Either…or
Neither…nor
Whether… or
Not… but (only)
Not only… but (also)
 Make
one part a clause
 Use a subordinating conjunction: although,
since, because, who, that, while, until, what
 Since
he was late, the teacher sent him to
the office.
 Joining
compound sentences
 Formula : S1; CA, S2
 He
was late; however, he did not get into
trouble.
 CA:
consequently, furthermore, therefore,
nevertheless.
I
was, however, really angry at him.
 Bill
enjoyed drinking beer; however, Mary
enjoyed ouzo. CA
 While Bill enjoyed drinking beer, Mary
enjoyed ouzo.
 Mary enjoyed drinking ouzo while Bill
enjoyed drinking beer.
 Bill enjoyed drinking beer, but Mary enjoyed
drinking ouzo.
 John
hated dancing; however, Mary loved to
dance. CA
 Although John hated dancing, Mary loved to
dance.
 John hated dancing, and Mary loved to
dance.
 John hated dancing; Mary loved to dance.
 John hated dancing while Mary loved to
dance.
 Renames
the noun or pronoun in front of it.
 My student, Justin Toddie, enjoys running,
drinking Amp, and playing video games
online.
 Justin Toddie, my student, enjoys…
 Liz Lynerd hit my student, Justin Toddie.
 Noun
or pronoun followed by a participial
phrase.
 Her eyes glistening with tears, Maria cried
steadily throughout the night.
 Omitted

The dinner (being) over, we went outside.
 Using
a city in Alaska, I gave my pet a special
name.
 Junuo, a city in Alaska, is the special name I
gave my pet.
 I felt my pet should have a special name, so I
used a city in Alaska.
 A city being used, a special name was given
to my pet.
 Bill
enjoyed drinking beer; whereas, Mary
enjoyed drinking ale. (Compound using CA)
 Bill enjoyed drinking beer, but Mary enjoyed
drinking ale. (Compound sentence using
coordinating conj)
 While Bill enjoyed drinking beer, Mary
enjoyed ale.
 Mary enjoyed drinking ale while Bill enjoyed
beer.
 Compound
sentence
 Simple sentence
 Complex sentence
 Compound complex sentence
 Appositive
 Gerund
 Participle
 Infinitive
 Sentence utilizing a CA