Transcript Cloze passage

FOR
SENIOR SECONDARY
What are prepositions?
 Think of the meaning of the following
sentences.
 1. I apply
the company.
 2. He sits
the table.
 3. She turns
the radio.
 4. He opened the door
the key.
 5. Sit
, please.
The meaning is not clear!
How about the sentences now:
1. I apply to
the company.
2. He sits
at the table.
3. She turns down
the radio.
4. He opened the door with the key.
5. Sit down , please.
PREPOSITIONS ARE ALWAYS PUT IN FRONT OF
1. A NOUN
2. A PRONOUN
3. GERUND
TO TELL THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE VERB AND
OTHER WORDS SUCH AS
1. POSITION
2. DIRECTION
3. TIME
4. CAUSE AND RESULT
5. OBJECTS
SOME COMMON
PREPOSITIONS (One-word)
 One-word prepositions:
 about; above; after; along; around; at;
before; below; beside; between; by;
down; for; from; in; into; like; of;
off; on; over; past; since; through;
till; to; under; until; up; with;
without.
SOME COMMON
PREPOSITIONS
 Two-word prepositions
 according to along with as for
away from
because of due to
except for
out of
 owing to up to
 Three-word prepositions
 by means of in comparison with
in front of in relation of
on top of
POSITION OF A PREPOSITION
IN A SENTENCE
 1. after adjectives
 e.g. She is fond of sweets.
 e.g. The postman is worried about his
health.
 2. after certain verbs
 e.g. The basketball team consists of five
players.
3. after certain verb + object structures
e.g. The jealous sister prevents her younger sister from
making friends.
e.g. The police charged him with murder.
4. after phrasal verbs
e.g. He puts up with his wife.
e.g. They make up for the concert.
5. at the end of questions
e.g. Who is he talking to?
e.g. What extra-curricular activities does he take part in?
PREPOSITIONS IN HKCEE
 PAPER I-- use for writing
 PAPER II- Usage;
 Cloze Passage;
 M.C. Blank Filling;
 Proofreading.
DO YOU KNOW THE
CORRECT ANSWERS?
 1. It aims to provide people _________ a
relaxing, fun, safe environment.
 (only 27% candidates correct --Ans: with)
 2. Once again, it is _________ to the
members to decide what kind of trip they
would like.
 (only 18% candidates correct--Ans: up)
Examples of prepositions in past exam papers
(1997 HKCEE)
Proofread
1. argue with him 2. enough of 3. stared at me
Blankfilling
1. graduate from F5 2. worked for 2 years
Cloze passage
1. from golden temples to busy markets
2. write to us 3. throughout the year
Examples of prepositions in past exam papers
(1996 HKCEE)
 Proofread
 1. organised in(x) every year in Hong Kong.
 Blank-filling
 1. during the week we show people’s favourite films
 2. For the more active members, we have a swimming
pool calls us at 23374562.
 Cloze passage
 1. There are other costs besides those for fool.
 2. A restaurant, like any other business, has to make a
profit spend even less on food.
Examples of prepositions in past
exam papers (1995 HKCEE)
 Cloze Passage
 1. Unmarried men between the ages of 30
and 40 in Guangxi province alone within 15
years.
 2. According to this view,
 3. He regarded writing as a pleasant change
 4. he decided to write about a world.
Examples of prepositions in past
exam papers (1994 HKCEE)
 Cloze Passage
 1. see the greatest number of birds over a
24-hour period
 2. keeping an eye out for new and
interesting birds.
 3. the same principle as a submarine’s
waterproof hatch
HOW TO STUDY PREPOSITIONS
EFFECTIVELY?
 1. CORE MEANING--to
 A. “to” refers to--somebody; some objects; some
places.
 e.g. He apologised to her.
 e.g. He contributed to society.
 e.g. They flock to the beach.
 e.g. The population has increased to six million.
 e.g. He is sensitive to criticisms.
 e.g. Swimming is preferable to jogging in summer.
2. Core meaning--with
“with”refers to--cooperate with somebody; link up with;
with tools; with methods; with attitude;
e.g. He cooperates with the police.
e.g. I communicate with him.
e.g. He saw a robber with a gun.
e.g. He eyed her with interest.
e.g.The hole is covered with a board.
e.g. He fought with the robber.
e.g. He is disappointed with the result.
3. Core meaning--for
“for” refers to--reason, destination, somebody, or
support
e.g. I did it for money.
e.g. The train is bound for Lowu.
e.g. This letter is for you.
e.g. He provides for his family.
e.g. They search for the robber.
e.g. They vote for Christine Loh.
4. Core meaning--about
“about”refers to--something (sth); place
e.g. I am sorry about this.
e.g. He looks about the street.
e.g. The girl lives about here.
5. Core meaning--against
“against”refers to--struggle; not agree; knock
e.g. They work against the clock to finish the job.
e.g. I am against the motion.
e.g. The rain beat against the windows.
e.g. We should take precautions against fire.
6. Core meaning--at
“at” refers to --a small area; direction; speed
e.g. He arrived at the office.
e.g. The robber fired at the policeman.
e.g. The learner driver drove at a snail’s speed.
7. Core meaning--by
“by” refers to --method; tools
e.g. The drug smuggler died by hanging.
e.g. The road was blocked by a fallen tree.
e.g. Judging by appearance he is a mainlander.
8. Core meaning-- from
“from” refers to -- starting, depart, a distance, source
e.g. The restaurant is 100% no-smoking with effect from May
e.g. He took the pack of Panadol from the shelf.
e.g. I have not heard from him recently.
e.g. He refrains from smoking.
9. Core meaning-- of
“of” refers to-- a distance; source; reason; disease; material
e.g. The city is a few miles south of Rome.
e.g. She married within a year of his death.
E.g. the paintings of Picasso are priceless.
E.g. He was cured of his illness.
B. GROUPING
 I. USE “of”, “for”, “from”, “out of” to show the
reasons.
 e.g. She died of grief.
 e.g. He died of cancer.
 e.g. The soldier died from a wound.
 e.g. The boy stayed in bed from laziness.
 e.g. He was rewarded for his bravery.
 e.g. He took drugs out of curiosity.
B. GROUPING
 II. Use “for” after the verbs that have almost
the same meaning.
 1. Reward
 2. Praise
 3. Promote
 4. Award
B. GROUPING
 III. Use “for” after the verbs that with
almost the same meaning.
 1. Blame
 2. Scold
 3. Reprimand
 4. demote
B. GROUPING
 LEARN ONE FOR EIGHT
 e.g. We communicate
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
by mail
by fax
by correspondence
by radio
by telepathy
by phone
by E-mail
by sign language.
C. CONTRASTING
 Sometimes verbs with opposite meaning use
the same preposition.
 1. He congratulated me on my success.
 2. The passengers blamed the accident on
the driver.
 BUT
 The passengers blamed the driver for the
accident.
GROUPING AND
CONTRASTING
 Grouping
 e.g. He is on
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
leave
sick leave
maternity leave
holiday
vacation
tour
a trip
BUT He is on
call
duty
shift
Reference: Peter Chow. 1997.
Prepositions