Transcript Grammar Basics - HCC Learning Web

A Review for ENGL 0310
McGraw-Hill Handbook
pp. 478-494
Parts of Speech
In English, there are only eight
parts of speech.
That means that every sentence
you read—and write—is composed
of only eight categories of words.
Parts of Speech
Verbs
Nouns
Pronouns
Adjectives
Adverbs
Prepositions
Conjunctions
Interjections
Verbs & Nouns
Noun name people, places,
things and ideas.
Verbs report action or state of
being.
These are the basic building blocks
of sentences. No sentence can stand
alone without at least one of each.
Nouns name people, places, things
and ideas.
People (Beyoncé, singers,
American)
Places (city, swamp, Houston)
Things (chair, brain, Iphone)
Ideas (charisma, stupidity,
Buddhism)
Common and Proper Nouns
Proper nouns name specific
people, places and things
(Beyoncé, Houston, Iphone,
Buddhism).
Proper nouns are always
capitalized.
Identify the nouns in the sentence below.
Following World War I, the nation
witnessed an unprecedented
explosion of African-American
fiction, poetry, drama, music,
art, social commentary, and
political activism.
MHH 487
Nouns
Following World War I, the nation
witnessed an unprecedented
explosion of African-American
fiction, poetry, drama, music,
art, social commentary, and
political activism.
Nouns
Following World War I, the nation
witnessed an unprecedented
explosion of African-American
fiction, poetry, drama, music,
art, social commentary, and
political activism.
Nouns
Following World War I, the nation
witnessed an unprecedented
explosion of African-American
fiction, poetry, drama, music,
art, social commentary, and
political activism.
Nouns
Following World War I, the nation
witnessed an unprecedented
explosion of African-American
fiction, poetry, drama, music,
art, social commentary, and
political activism.
Nouns
Following World War I, the nation
witnessed an unprecedented
explosion of African-American
fiction, poetry, drama, music,
art, social commentary, and
political activism.
Nouns
Following World War I, the nation
witnessed an unprecedented
explosion of African-American
fiction, poetry, drama, music,
art, social commentary, and
political activism.
Nouns
Following World War I, the nation
witnessed an unprecedented
explosion of African-American
fiction, poetry, drama, music,
art, social commentary, and
political activism.
Nouns
Following World War I, the nation
witnessed an unprecedented
explosion of African-American
fiction, poetry, drama, music,
art, social commentary, and
political activism.
Nouns
Following World War I, the nation
witnessed an unprecedented
explosion of African-American
fiction, poetry, drama, music,
art, social commentary, and
political activism.
Nouns
Following World War I, the nation
witnessed an unprecedented
explosion of African-American
fiction, poetry, drama, music,
art, social commentary, and
political activism.
Verbs
Verbs report action (write,
think), condition (bloom, sit)
state of being (be, seem)
Verbs
Verbs may change form to indicate
Person (first, second, or third)
Number (singular or plural)
Tense (present, past, or future)
Voice (active or passive)
Mood (indicative, imperative, or
subjunctive).
Verbs
To do this the main verb is
sometimes accompanied by
helping verbs, thereby
becoming a verb phrase.
Helping verbs precede the
main verb in the verb phrase.
Helping Verbs
Here are some examples of
helping verbs that show time:
be, am, is, being, been, do,
does, did, are, was, were,
have, has, had.
Helping Verbs
Here are some examples of
helping verbs that show
manner (modals): can, could,
may, might, will, would,
shall, should, must.
Identify the main verbs and helping
verbs in the sentences below
An increasing number of
Americans, both men and
women, undergo cosmetic
surgery for aesthetic rather than
medical reasons.
MHH 482
Identify the main verbs and helping
verbs in the sentences below
An increasing number of
Americans, both men and
women, undergo cosmetic
surgery for aesthetic rather than
medical reasons.
MHH 482
Identify the main verbs and helping
verbs in the sentences below
Not long ago, the average
American believed that only
Hollywood celebrities underwent
facelifts and tummy tucks.
MHH 482
Identify the main verbs and helping
verbs in the sentences below
Not long ago, the average
American believed that only
Hollywood celebrities underwent
facelifts and tummy tucks.
MHH 482
Identify the main verbs and helping
verbs in the sentences below
Do you think you need to improve
your physical appearance?
MHH 482
Identify the main verbs and helping
verbs in the sentences below
Do you think you need to improve
your physical appearance?
MHH 482
Identify the main verbs and helping
verbs in the sentences below
Men, often in their mid-forties, are
choosing a variety of surgical
procedures, including hair
replacement and chin augmentation.
MHH 482
Identify the main verbs and helping
verbs in the sentences below
Men, often in their mid-forties, are
choosing a variety of surgical
procedures, including hair
replacement and chin augmentation.
MHH 482
Pronouns
Pronouns take the place of
nouns.
Note: Pronouns are very useful, but
they must have a noun to which they
obviously refer, either in a previous
sentence or earlier in the same
sentence.
Pronouns
The noun that the pronoun
replaces is called its
antecedent.
Types of Pronouns
Personal Pronouns
Singular
I, me, my, mine,
you, your, yours,
he, him, his,
she, her, hers
it, its
Plural
we, us, our, our
you, your, yours
they, them, their,
theirs
Types of Pronouns
Reflexive and Intensive
Pronouns (myself, yourself,
herself, ourselves, etc.)
Relative Pronouns (who, whom,
whoever, whomever, what,
whose, whatever, whichever,
that, which)
Types of Pronouns
Demonstrative Pronouns (this, that,
these, those)
Interrogative Pronouns (who, what,
which, etc.)
Indefinite Pronouns (anybody,
anyone, anything, each, everybody,
neither, nobody, no one, somebody,
both, few, many, any, all, most, etc.)
Underline the nouns and circle the
pronouns in the sentences below.
W. E. B. DuBois was the author of The
Souls of Black Folk, and he was also a
cofounder of the National Association for
the Advancement of Colored People, a
preeminent civil rights organization.
MHH 487
Underline the nouns and circle the
pronouns in the sentences below.
W. E. B. DuBois was the author of The
Souls of Black Folk, and he was also a
cofounder of the National Association for
the Advancement of Colored People, a
preeminent civil rights organization.
Underline the nouns and circle the
pronouns in the sentences below.
W. E. B. DuBois was the author of The
Souls of Black Folk, and he was also a
cofounder of the National Association for
the Advancement of Colored People, a
preeminent civil rights organization.
Underline the nouns and circle the
pronouns in the sentences below.
W. E. B. DuBois was the author of The
Souls of Black Folk, and he was also a
cofounder of the National Association for
the Advancement of Colored People, a
preeminent civil rights organization.
Underline the nouns and circle the
pronouns in the sentences below.
W. E. B. DuBois was the author of The
Souls of Black Folk, and he was also a
cofounder of the National Association for
the Advancement of Colored People, a
preeminent civil rights organization.
Underline the nouns and circle the
pronouns in the sentences below.
W. E. B. DuBois was the author of The
Souls of Black Folk, and he was also a
cofounder of the National Association for
the Advancement of Colored People, a
preeminent civil rights organization.
Underline the nouns and circle the
pronouns in the sentences below.
W. E. B. DuBois was the author of The
Souls of Black Folk, and he was also a
cofounder of the National Association for
the Advancement of Colored People, a
preeminent civil rights organization.
Underline the nouns and circle the
pronouns in the sentences below.
W. E. B. DuBois was the author of The
Souls of Black Folk, and he was also a
cofounder of the National Association for
the Advancement of Colored People, a
preeminent civil rights organization.
Underline the nouns and circle the
pronouns in the sentences below.
W. E. B. DuBois was the author of The
Souls of Black Folk, and he was also a
cofounder of the National Association for
the Advancement of Colored People, a
preeminent civil rights organization.
Underline the nouns and circle the
pronouns in the sentences below.
Zora Neale Hurston was herself a cultural
anthropologist who studied the folklore
of the rural South, which is reflected in
her novel Their Eyes Were Watching God.
MHH 487
Underline the nouns and circle the
pronouns in the sentences below.
Zora Neale Hurston was herself a cultural
anthropologist who studied the folklore
of the rural South, which is reflected in
her novel Their Eyes Were Watching God.
Underline the nouns and circle the
pronouns in the sentences below.
Zora Neale Hurston was herself a cultural
anthropologist who studied the folklore
of the rural South, which is reflected in
her novel Their Eyes Were Watching God.
Underline the nouns and circle the
pronouns in the sentences below.
Zora Neale Hurston was herself a cultural
anthropologist who studied the folklore
of the rural South, which is reflected in
her novel Their Eyes Were Watching God.
Underline the nouns and circle the
pronouns in the sentences below.
Zora Neale Hurston was herself a cultural
anthropologist who studied the folklore
of the rural South, which is reflected in
her novel Their Eyes Were Watching God.
Underline the nouns and circle the
pronouns in the sentences below.
Zora Neale Hurston was herself a cultural
anthropologist who studied the folklore
of the rural South, which is reflected in
her novel Their Eyes Were Watching God.
Underline the nouns and circle the
pronouns in the sentences below.
Zora Neale Hurston was herself a cultural
anthropologist who studied the folklore
of the rural South, which is reflected in
her novel Their Eyes Were Watching God.
Underline the nouns and circle the
pronouns in the sentences below.
Zora Neale Hurston was herself a cultural
anthropologist who studied the folklore
of the rural South, which is reflected in
her novel Their Eyes Were Watching God.
Underline the nouns and circle the
pronouns in the sentences below.
Zora Neale Hurston was herself a cultural
anthropologist who studied the folklore
of the rural South, which is reflected in
her novel Their Eyes Were Watching God.
Underline the nouns and circle the
pronouns in the sentences below.
Zora Neale Hurston was herself a cultural
anthropologist who studied the folklore
of the rural South, which is reflected in
her novel Their Eyes Were Watching God.
Underline the nouns and circle the
pronouns in the sentences below.
Zora Neale Hurston was herself a cultural
anthropologist who studied the folklore
of the rural South, which is reflected in
her novel Their Eyes Were Watching God.
Adjectives & Adverbs
Adjectives modify nouns and pronouns
by answering questions like Which
one? What kind? How many? What
size? What condition?
Adverbs modify verbs, other adverbs,
adjectives and whole clauses. They
usually answer such questions as
When? Where? How? How often? How
much? To what degree? and Why?
Adjectives
describe (boring teacher, apathetic
students)
enumerate (first date, second sight, third
floor, fourth estate, fifth of whiskey)
identify (American dream, Thai food,
Russian roulette)
define (democratic process, capitalist
greed)
limit (one bullet, that corpse)
Adverbs
Can be used to compare:
(They write better now than before.)
and intensify
(Her eyes were a luminous green.)
simply describe
(The condemned prisoner walked slowly.)
Adverbs
Conjunctive Adverbs indicate
the relation between one clause
and another.
He flipped off the guy in the
pickup; consequently he eats his
meals through a straw.
Common Conjunctive Adverbs
Addition (also, besides, furthermore,
etc.)
Comparison/Contrast (however, instead,
nevertheless, otherwise, likewise, etc.)
Emphasis (certainly, indeed, etc.)
Result (accordingly, hence, then,
therefore, thus, etc.)
Time (finally, meanwhile, next, now,
then, suddenly, etc.)
Prepositions
Prepositions usually appear as
part of a prepositional phrase.
Their main function is to allow
the noun or pronoun in the
phrase to modify another word in
the sentence.
Prepositions
Prepositional phrases always
begin with a preposition and end
with a noun, pronoun or other
word group that acts as the
object of the preposition.
Some common prepositions are
about, above, across, after, against,
along, among, behind, below,
beside, between, by, during, except,
from, in, including, inside, into,
near, of, on, through, to, under,
underneath, up, upon, with, within,
without, etc.
Prepositions
Prepositions can act as adjectives
(to modify nouns) or as adverbs
(to modify verbs).
They should be placed as close to
the word they modify as possible.
Prepositions
The class in room 315 begins at
six o’clock.
If you want to piss the teacher
off, come late to class chewing
on a big wad of bubble gum.
Prepositions
The class in room 315 begins at
six o’clock.
If you want to piss the teacher
off, come late to class chewing
on a big wad of bubble gum.
Prepositions
The class in room 315 begins at
six o’clock.
If you want to piss the teacher
off, come late to class chewing
on a big wad of bubble gum.
Prepositions
The class in room 315 begins at
six o’clock.
If you want to piss the teacher
off, come late to class chewing
on a big wad of bubble gum.
Prepositions
The class in room 315 begins at
six o’clock.
If you want to piss the teacher
off, come late to class chewing
on a big wad of bubble gum.
Prepositions
The class in room 315 begins at
six o’clock.
If you want to piss the teacher
off, come late to class chewing
on a big wad of bubble gum.
Conjunctions
Conjunctions join words, phrases
or clauses and indicate their
relation to each other
There are three types of conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions (and,
but, or, for, nor, yet, so) join
words or ideas of equal weight or
function.
Coordinating Conjunctions
Jebediah and Jolene were tooling
along in their ‘57 Chevy and ran
over a ‘possum, but they had
already eaten dinner, so they
saved it for breakfast.
Coordinating Conjunctions
Jebediah and Jolene were tooling
along in their ‘57 Chevy and ran
over a ‘possum, but they had
already eaten dinner, so they
saved it for breakfast.
Coordinating Conjunctions
Jebediah and Jolene were tooling
along in their ‘57 Chevy and ran
over a ‘possum, but they had
already eaten dinner, so they
saved it for breakfast.
Coordinating Conjunctions
Jebediah and Jolene were tooling
along in their ‘57 Chevy and ran
over a ‘possum, but they had
already eaten dinner, so they
saved it for breakfast.
Coordinating Conjunctions
Jebediah and Jolene were tooling
along in their ‘57 Chevy and ran
over a ‘possum, but they had
already eaten dinner, so they
saved it for breakfast.
Correlative Conjuntions
Link sentence elements of equal
value, always in pairs (both/and,
neither/nor, either/or, not
only/but).
Correlative Conjuntions
Both Jeb and Jolene caught
Hydrophobia.
Not only did they foam at the
mouth and chase their tails, but
they bit the mailman.
Correlative Conjuntions
Both Jeb and Jolene caught
Hydrophobia.
Not only did they foam at the
mouth and chase their tails, but
they bit the mailman.
Correlative Conjuntions
Both Jeb and Jolene caught
Hydrophobia.
Not only did they foam at the
mouth and chase their tails, but
they bit the mailman.
Subordinating Conjunctions
introduce dependent or
subordinate clauses, linking
sentence elements that are not
of equal importance.
Subordinating Conjunctions
Some common subordinating
conjunctions are after, although,
as if, because, if, when.
See MHH 493 for a more complete
list.
Subordinating Conjunctions
The mailman did not catch rabies
because he had been vaccinated,
although he did sue Jeb and Jolene.
He was awarded the ‘57 Chevy even
though Jeb and Jolene lived in it.
Subordinating Conjunctions
The mailman did not catch rabies
because he had been vaccinated,
although he did sue Jeb and Jolene.
He was awarded the ‘57 Chevy even
though Jeb and Jolene lived in it.
Subordinating Conjunctions
The mailman did not catch rabies
because he had been vaccinated,
although he did sue Jeb and Jolene.
He was awarded the ‘57 Chevy even
though Jeb and Jolene lived in it.
Subordinating Conjunctions
The mailman did not catch rabies
because he had been vaccinated,
although he did sue Jeb and Jolene.
He was awarded the ‘57 Chevy even
though Jeb and Jolene lived in it.
Interjections
Interjections are forceful
expressions, usually written with
an exclamation point. (examples:
Yo! Dammit! Gadzooks! Eureka!
Oh no! $@#*!)
Interjections
Note: In formal writing (like the
writing you do in college), use
interjections (and exclamation
points, for that matter) very
sparingly. In fact, if you can make it
through the semester without using
either of them, you will have my
undying admiration.
Questions?