Transcript Phrases

Phrases
Phrase
A group of related words that is used:
– As a single part of speech
– Does not contain a verb and its subject
Phrase
Six types:
– Prepositional phrase
• Adjective phrase
• Adverb phrase
– Verbals
• Participial phrase
• Gerund phrase
• Appositive phrase
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES
Prepositional Phrases
• What is a preposition?
– around
– between
– through
--about
--from
--during
• What is a prepositional phrase?
– The dog ran around the flag pole.
– The dog ran around the flag pole and bushes.
Adjective Phrase
Prepositional phrases may be used to
modify nouns or pronouns in the same
way as adjectives
A prepositional phrase that modifies a
noun or pronoun is an adjective phrase
Adjective Phrase
• Don’t forget:
– An adjective answers the following
questions:
• What kind?
• Which one?
• How many?
Adjective Phrase
A heroic act
An act of heroism
The blue one
The one in blue
The rooms of the house
smelled damp and musty.
Few of the villagers have
ever been there before.
The girl with the trumpet
in the next house keeps
us awake.
Adjective Phrase
• The roads of ancient Rome linked the far corners
of the empire.
• Large blocks of the hardest stone paved the
surface of the major routes.
• Close communication between provinces
strengthened the position of the Roman rulers.
Adjective Phrase
• Caesar’s interest in military roads
showed his concern with
communication.
• Roman roads were one reason for the
success of Caesar’s military operations.
Adverb Phrase
A prepositional phrase that modifies a
verb, an adjective, or another adverb is
an adverb phrase.
– The fox escaped into its hole.
– Althea Gibson was graceful on the tennis
court.
– The sun rises earlier in the morning now.
Adverb Phrase
Remember: adverb phrases tell us when,
where, why, how, or to what extent
– The wind came up during the night.
– We spent the day at the beach.
– The children combed the shore for shells.
– I usually travel by bus.
– She missed the train by a few seconds.
Adverb Phrase
(phrase and what part of
speech it modifies)
• Eerie sounds came from the abandoned
house.
• Are some old houses haunted by ghosts?
• On a moonlit night, my parents and I
searched through the unused house.
Adverb Phrase
• We weren’t afraid of any ghosts.
• In the cellar we found two alley cats.
• The strange noises were made by these
animals.
Adverb Phrase
• We carefully placed the cat in the box.
• They both seemed happy with their
temporary home.
• We walked up the steps, out the door, and
across the lawn.
• At a leisurely pace, we returned to our own
house.
Review
• What questions do adjectives answer, and
what parts of speech do they modify?
• What questions do adverbs answer, and what
parts of speech do they modify?
• Explain how a prepositional phrase can
function as an adjective or an adverb phrase.
Verbals and Verbal Phrases
• Forms of a verb that are used not as verbs
but as other parts of speech
• Act as adjectives, nouns, and adverbs
• Three kids of verbals:
– Participles
– Gerunds
– Infinitives
Verbals and Verbal Phrases
A participle is a verb form used as an
adjective.
– The burning leaves smelled good.
– The sleeping dog groaned.
– A cracked record can ruin a stylus.
– Discouraged by the mishap, the boy hung
his head.
A Few Examples:
• Focused on the destruction of his mother, Stewie is
an evil genius.
• Sitting in his high chair, he frequently plots her
demise.
A Few Examples…
• Lois, charmed by her
son’s boyish giggle,
does not suspect his
plans.
• Dreaming of world
domination, Stewie
knows that his meddling
mother stands in his
way.
Participial Phrase
• Consists of a participle and its related words,
such as modifiers and complements, all of
which are together as an adjective
– Approaching the curve, the truck slowed down.
– I could see Frank sitting three seats away.
– I heard him whispering to his friend.
– Acquitted by the jury, the defendant shook
hands with her lawyer.
Some Practice…
• Hoping to destroy his mother, Stewie hid a harpoon in his
diaper.
• Stewie, feigning a dirty diaper, cried for Lois’ attention,.
• Carrying him, Lois thought he felt a little heavy.
• She carried him to the bedroom, dismayed by his sudden
weight gain.
Some Practice…
• Stewie, waiting for the right moment, continued to
wail.
• Shocked by his behavior, Lois quickly tried to change
him.
Some Practice…
• Snarling in fury, Stewie grabbed the
harpoon and fired at Lois.
• Reaching for the talcom powder, Lois bent
over just in time.
• Lois, surprised by her son’s attack,
decided he was just fussy.
Try a Few More…
On your homework!
Review
• What is a phrase?
• What is a verbal?
• What parts of speech do participial
phrases act as?
The Gerund
A verb form ending in -ing
that is used as a noun
Gerund
• Examples:
– Walking is good exercise.
– I enjoy playing the viola.
– Watering the lawn produced good results.
– We avoided the rush by mailing the cards
early.
Gerunds
• Can be used as the following:
– Subject
– Object
– Predicate Nominative
– Object of the Preposition
Gerunds
• Gerunds as a subject:
– Running is one of Miss Howard’s favorite
activities.
Gerunds
• Gerunds as an object:
– Miss Howard really likes running.
Gerunds
• Gerunds as a predicate nominative:
– Miss Howard’s favorite activity is running.
Gerunds
• Gerunds as an object of the preposition:
– Miss Howard relieves stress by running.
Which is Which??
Are these gerunds or participles? If a
gerund, how is it being used? If a participle,
what is it modifying?
• Their whispering caught the attention of the
teacher.
• Shirley enjoys hiking.
Which is Which?
• Besides eating, what else do you like to
do when you go out?
• A discriminating viewer occasionally
shuts off the TV and reads a good book.
Which is Which?
• Telling the difference between the twins
is hard even for their parents.
• An unforgettable experience was
visiting the zoo for the first time.
Which is Which?
• Climbing to the top of the mountain,
Carl could see for miles.
• Jenny occupied herself by writing song
lyrics.
Which is Which?
• My new puppy does not like staying by
itself in an empty house.
• Sensing the danger nearby, he began to
shout for help.
Gerund Phrase
A gerund phrase:
consists of a gerund together with its
complements and modifiers, all of
which act together as a noun
Gerund Phrase
– Looking at the clock is a rude habit.
• (subject)
– She dislikes gossiping about one’s friends.
• (direct object)
– An unfortunate experience was getting bitten
by the pony at the petting zoo.
• (predicate nominative)
– He improved his appearance by losing weight.
• (object of the preposition--losing has a DO: weight)
I AM LEGEND
By Richard Mattheson
I AM LEGEND
• In I Am Legend , Will Smith fears turning into a
vampire-like zombie like the rest of mankind.
• Hunting and killing these zombies is his job in the
film.
I AM LEGEND
• He also tries radioing
other survivors.
• Besides searching for
others, Will Smith
takes care of his dog,
Sam.
I AM LEGEND
• Will Smith and Sam enjoy walking and playing during
the day.
• When the sun goes down, however, they survive by
hiding in the bathtub.
I AM LEGEND
• The zombies’ shrieking keeps them awake.
• Hunting the zombies is a very dangerous task.
I AM LEGEND
• He hates capturing them, but he must in
order to find an antidote.
Saving the human
race is his
responsibility.
Review
• Gerunds and gerund phrases act as
what part of speech?
• What parts of a sentence can gerunds
and gerund phrases act as?
• What is the difference between a
participle and a gerund?
The Infinitive
A verb form, usually preceded by
to that is used as a noun,
adjective, or adverb
Infinitives!
• It can be used as:
– Noun
– adjective
– adverb
Infinitives!
• To err is human.
– Infinitive used as the subject
• Lorna attempted to flee.
– Infinitive is direct object of the verb attempted
• She is the candidate to watch.
– Infinitive used as an adjective modifying candidate
Infinitives!
• The doctor to call is Inada.
– Infinitive used as an adjective modifying doctor
• The plane was ready to go.
– infinitive used as an adverb modifying ready
• The tiger tensed its muscles to spring.
– Infinitive used to modify the verb tensed
Infinitives!
• IMPORTANT:
to + a noun/pronoun = prep phrase
-He ran to the finish line.
to + verb = infinitive
-He ran to finish the race faster.
Infinitives!
• Do you want to meet at the corner?
• We are eager to go.
• Our way to relax is to listen to classical music
• I am easy to please.
• We are waiting to talk with the principal.
Infinitives!
• The soup is still too hot to eat.
• To learn, you must listen.
• This summer she hopes to travel in the west.
• To hike through the woods is fun.
• To forgive is sometimes difficult.
Infinitive Phrases
• Infinitive Phrase:
– Consists of an infinitive together with its
complements and modifiers
– Can be used as adjectives, adverbs, and
nouns
Infinitive Phrases
• To hit a curve ball solidly is very difficult.
– Infinitive phrase used as a subject
• This kind of book is hard to read rapidly.
– Infinitive phrase used as an adverb to modify
rapidly
• She wants to be the captain.
– Infinitive phrase used as direct object of the verb
wants
Infinitive Phrases
• Occasionally, the to that is usually the sign of
an infinitive will be omitted in a sentence.
This happens frequently after verbs such as:
–
–
–
–
–
–
See
Hear
Feel
Watch
Please
Let
--Help
--Know
--Dare
--Need
--Make
Infinitive Phrases
• Did you watch her [to] run the race?
• He doesn’t dare [to] tell the teacher.
• She would not let the dog [to] go.
300
300
• The movie 300 is about a group of Spartan
soldiers who strive to protect their ancient
city.
• In Sparta, all boys must train to be warriors.
300
• One boy, Leonidas, was able to kill a wolf
with a spear and eventually became King.
300
• Years later, the Persians came with a threat to
overtake Sparta.
• Leonidas desired to save his people from the
Persians.
300
• He rallied his troops until they were ready to
fight.
300
• They built a wall along the Hot Gates to trap the
Persians.
• To many, their plight seemed hopeless.
• However, they won many battles.
300
• To kill Xerxes was Leonidas’ ultimate goal.
• In the end, the Spartans were not the group to
support.
300
• To win would have been impossible, but they
did make Xerxes realize he was not a god.
Review
• What parts of speech can an infinitive or
infinitive phrase act as?
• What is the difference between a
prepositional phrase and an infinitive
phrase?
Appositives and
Appositive Phrases
Appositives:
noun or pronoun that follows another noun
or pronoun to identify or explain it
Appositive Phrase:
made up of an appositive and its modifiers
Appositives
• My aunt and uncle, the Giovannis, own
a store, the Empire Shoe Shop on
Main Street.
• A good all-around athlete, Roland is a
promising candidate for the decathlon,
the Olympic event that tests ten
different skills.
Appositives
Note:
Appositives and appositive phrases are
set off by commas, unless the
appositive is a single word closely
related to the preceding word. The
comma is always used when the word
to which the appositive refers is a
proper noun.
Appositives
• Dr. Blumenthal, our family doctor, is a
fine woman.
• Her son Bill is my best friend.
• Natalie, her daughter, is another good
friend.