Transcript English Literature 3

The System of English
Language – Štylistika,
Syntax
2. SEMESTER
PaedDr. Jana Javorčíková, PhD.
Matej Bel University
Department of English and American
Studies
Today´s plan:
1.
SYNTAX/SYNTAX
2.
STYLISTICS /ŠTYLISTIKA
3.
Aspect – Voice - Mood
4.
PHONETICS/PHONOLOGY - drill
1. SYNTAX - definition
= concerns (sa zaoberá) word order
= is the part of grammar that concerns the
structure of phrases or sentences
(Štulajterová, 68).
Basic Terms in Syntax:
1.WORD ORDER = slovosled
2. SENTENCE (SIMPLE, MULTIPLE) =
jednoduchá, zložená veta
3. ELEMENT OF SPEECH = vetný člen
4. SENTENCE PHRASE = vetná fráza
(1) WORD ORDER = Slovosled
- Important aspect of grammatical correctness;
- English = analytical type of language (word order is
fixed – pevne stanovený): e.g.:
John loves Mary - Mary loves John.
You are tired - Are you tired?
Only he met the teacher - He met only the teacher
(2) Sentence and meaning
Types of sentences:
A) Statements/Oznamovacie
B) Questions
C) exclamations and commands/Zvolacie a prikazovacie
According to their structure:
A) simple
B) multiple (zložené):
b.1:compound (John came and Betty left) or
b.2:complex (Betty left because John came).
(3) Parts of Speech (Elements of
speech) = vetné členy
 Subject
= podmet
 Verb = sloveso
 Object = predmet
MANDATORY=POVINNÉ
 Complement
= doplnok
 Adverbials = príslovkové určenie
 Adjective
= prídavné meno
Exercise 1: Identify the word order
(SV, SVO, SVOA, SVOC)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
She has left.
She has left home.
She has left her diary at home.
John washed himself.
The train has arrived.
Get me out of here.
He found his stolen bicycle.
He found his bicycle stolen.
Exercise 1: Identify the word order
(SV, SVO, SVOA, SVOC)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
She has left. (SV)
She has left home (SVOA)
She has left her diary at home (SVOA)
John washed himself (SVO)
The train has arrived (SV)
Get me out of here (SVOA)
He found his stolen bicycle (SVO)
He found his bicycle stolen (SVOC)
(4) Sentences and phrases
Phrase = a building block of a sentence
Types of phrases:
1.Noun phrase;
2.Verb phrase;
3.Adjective phrase;
4.Adverbial phrase;
5.Prepositional phrase (Hrnčíř, 5-6).
1.
NOUN PHRASE: a boy
a very pretty boy
a boy standing on the beach
the boy himself
their worries
each of their worries
2. VERB PHRASE:
go
goes
is going to go
will have to go
has already gone...
4. ADJECTIVE PHRASE:
cold
very cold
asleep
better
the best
4.Adverb phrase:
3.
(ako?) very well
beautifully
most beautifully
recently
5.PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE:
in the kitchen
on the other side of the street
on the bicycle
Sentence phrases - drill
Identify the underlined phrases:
1.The dog is asleep, don´t wake him.
2.The dog is asleep, don´t wake him.
3. The dog is asleep, don´t wake him.
4. The dog is asleep, don´t wake him.
5.The police asked every local citizen.
6. She spoke to him very angrily.
7. Fish dream of walking on land.
Syntayx – Exercises 1,2,3,4
1)
2)
3)
4)
Identify the word order;
Sentences with and without object;
Sentences with two objects;
Passive voice
Exercise: Identify the word order. Rewrite
the sentences that do not make sense
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
The passport examined the passport officer.
Can´t play John the game.
These biscuits don´t like the dogs.
The pipe is going to fix the plumber.
The parcel is wrapping the shop assistant.
Has the meal enjoyed the quest?
Exercise : Identify the word order.
I speak
well
English
hides
Mrs.
Jones
I left
Her
money
This
morning
At night
On this
shelf
In the
park
Your
letter
You
shouldn´
t
I read
quickly
Under
the bed
Some
money
walk
Last
night
In bed
Simple sentence: verbs with and
without object
Definition: A simple sentence is a complete
unit of meaning which contains a subject
and a verb.
Which of these is a sentence?
a) Made in Germany.
b) It was made in Germany.
c) Open the door.
Verbs with and without object
1.
2.
3.
We always have to use an object with
some (transitive) verbs: beat, enjoy, hit,
need
Some (intransitive) verbs never take an
object: arrive, come, go, sit down, sleep,
snow
Some verbs are both transitive and
intransitive: Slavia won. Or Slavia won
the match.
Exercise: Put an object after these
verbs where possible:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
The box contains___________.
THe train has arrived_________.
THe phone rang__________.
Someone is ringing__________.
You need_________.
We sat down_________.
Don´t hit____________.
Did you beat___________.
Who opened_______________.
I began____________.
My head aches__________.
Did you enjoy_________.?
Sentences with two objects
Subject – Verb – Indirect object –
direct object = Show me that photo
Po slovesách buy a give môžeme použiť dva predmety:
1. Give the book to me OR Give me the book.
2. Buy the book for me OR Buy me the book.
TO: lend, pay, post sell, send, show, tell, write,
FOR: choose, cut, do fetch, find, get, make, order
We can put IT and THEM after the verb: Give it to me.
Exercise: Write polite requests:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Where are my shoes? (find)
John needs a new coat. (buy)
I can´t reach that cup. (pass)
Ann wants to see our flat (show)
I can´t do the shopping (do)
I would like a copy of that book (order)
(2) STYLISTICS /ŠTYLISTIKA
- A BRANCH OF LINGUISTICS
- Focuses on principles for choices of words
by individuals and groups;
- Is mainly focused on style (not what is
written but how it is written).
Basic terminology of Stylistics:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Style = štýl
Types of style = druhy štýlov
Determiner of style = Štýlové
determinanty
Stylistic variants: Formal/informal style =
formálny,
neformálny štýl
1. What is Style?

Crystal: variation in a person´s speech: e.g.:
 2. types of styles:
BOOKISH/ KNIŽNÝ
ARCHAIC/ARCHAICKÝ






Dickens´style
Shakespeare´s style
Formal style
Informal style
Journalese/novinársky
Others: jargon, argot
3. What determines Stylistics?
 Stylistics
is determined by social contexts:
e.g.:
 Informal:
 Formal:
Seen Jo lately?
Excuse me, have you seen Joan
Main from the second class?
4. Stylistic variants
 Sentences
can be stylistically neutral or
stylistically significant:
 Stylistically
neutral: She is smart.
 Stylistically
significant: She is a genius!
Formal vs. Informal style

Formal: more polite,
neutral,
uses: full titles: Mrs., Mr. Dr.
full forms: does not
Latin, Greek words
doesn´t use: don´t, doesn´t
colloquial words
address the reader
directly (uses one´s problem)
rhetoric questions
various types of print (bold,
itallics)
emoticons 
3. Phonetics/Phonology
(IPA) International Phonetic Alphabet –
Advantages:
- IPA can transcribe any language sounds
IPA consists of:
1) Vowels (samohlásky) – monophthongs = jednohlásky (14);
2) Vowels – diphthongs = dvojhlásky (10);
3) Vowels – triphthongs = trojhlásky (5)
4) Consonanats = spoluhlásky (25)
(IPA) International Phonetic Alphabet –
1) Vowels – monophthongs = samostatné hlásky,
jednohlásky (14)
English Phonetic Alphabet –
2) Vowels – diphthongs = dvojhlásky (10)
English Phonetic Alphabet –
3) Vowels – triphthongs = trojhlásky (5)
English Phonetic Alphabet –
4) Consonants
– spoluhlásky (25)
English Phonetic Alphabet –
Special Signs in Dictionaries
IPA Transcription – drill 1
Transcribe:
1. subject
2. Verb
3. Object
4. Adverb
5. Adverbial phrase
6. Preposition
7. Prepositional phrase
1. 8.
Voice – Aspect - Mood
1.
Voice = rod (činný, trpný)
2.
Aspect = priebehovosť deja
1.
Mood = Slovesný spôsob (oznamovací,
opytovací, rozkazovací, podmieňovací,
konjuktív – vyjadrovanie nepriamych
žiadostí)
Voice = slovesný rod (činný, trpný)
a) Active = činný
SUBJECT
(PODMET)
Teachers
VERB
(PRÍSUDOK)
educate
OBJECT
(PREDMET)
students.
b) Passive = trpný
Students
1.
2.
3.
4.
are educated
(by teachers).
Predmet sa presunie na miesto podmetu.
Pridá sa pomocné sloveso “byť“ v príslušnom čase a osobe (je, sú, boli, budú).
Plnovýznamové sloveso získava koncovku príčastia –ed; prípadne formu 3. stĺpca
Agent, konateľ sa vyjadrí predložkou “by“, je nepovinný.
Voice – exercises:
1.
2.
3.
4.
We speak English here. _____________________ .
I do it. ___________________ .
The Republicans use state money. _____________________.
Joe broke the vase. The vase is/was ___________________.
5.
6.
7.
8.
I wrote the letter. The letter ________________ .
John gave me the money. The money ____________________ .
Fire destroyed paintings. Paintings __________________ .
Columbus discovered America. ___________________ .
Trpný rod sa v angličtine tvorí vo všetkých
časoch z pomocného slovesa to be a a
minulého particípia významového slovesa
PRÉZENT : it is made
PRÉTERITUM: it was made
PERFEKTUM: it has been made
PLUSQUAMPERFEKTUM: it had been made
FUTÚRUM: it will be made
BUDÚCI DOKONAVÝ ČAS: it will have been made
PRÍTOMNÝ KONDICIONÁL: it would be made
MINULÝ KONDICIONÁL: it would have been made
(Hais, p. 205)
Passive voice – various tenses drill

I will do it ........ It ...
 Peter will complete the task. The task...

I would sing the song. .... The song
 Sue would never steal anything. Anything...

Nothing...

Peter has bought a flat.... The flat
 We have completed the exercise....
Passive voice – various tenses drill


I will do it ........ It will be done (by me).
Peter will complete the task. The task will be completed (by
Peter).


I would sing the song. .... The song would be sung (by me)
Sue would never steal anything. Anything would never be
stolen
Nothing would ever be stolen
(by Sue)



Peter has bought a flat.... The flat has been bought (by Peter)
We have completed the exercise. The exercise has been
completed
Aspect = priebehovosť

The grammatical aspect of a verb is a
grammatical category that defines the temporal
flow (or lack thereof) in a given action, event, or
state, from the point of view of the speaker.

A basic distinction is with regard to whether the
speaker looks at a situation as bounded and
unitary, without reference to any flow of time
during the situation ("I ate"), or with no reference
to temporal bounds but with reference to the
nature of the flow of time during the situation ("I
was eating", "I used to eat").
Aspect

He had been
swimming in the
river for an hour...
when
he saw a crocodile.

The politician had
been speaking for
a good while...
...a tomato splattered
on his nose.

I had been
running for 50
metres...
I noticed I had
no shorts on.
Aspect - drill

Rozhodnite, či ide o krátky, jednorázový dej
(past simple), alebo priebehový, dlhšie trvajúci
(past continuous), alebo či to závisí od kontextu:






Pozeral som TV
Otvorila dvere
Robil som si úlohy
Zbadal som zlodeja
Kúpil som si hru
Upratovali sme
hrali sme futbal
varila kávu
vrátili sme vám dlh
prebalila dieťa
nakŕmil psa
ležala
Mood = slovesný spôsob
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Oznamovací (Indicative Mood)
Rozkazovací (Imperative Mood)
Opytovací (Interogative Mood)
Konjuktív (Subjunctive Mood)
Podmieňovací (Conditional Mood)
Mood = slovesný spôsob
2. Rozkazovací (Imperative Mood)
Be quiet.
Stop talking.
Pass me that book.
Don´t speak quickly.
Don´t be silly.
Don´t go there alone.
Translate: Nefajčite. Neotvárajte okná. Nestojte
pred dverami. Predložte doklady.
Mood = slovesný spôsob
Opytovací (Interrogative Mood)
- Viď. Tvorba otázok (Session 2)
Mood = slovesný spôsob
Konjuktív (Subjunctive Mood)
-
Vyjadruje zväčša nepriamu žiadosť:
I wish I knew him!
I wish I were you/dead
-
It is necessary that ... all children should
have enough food.
-
It would be a good idea if ... you started again.

Let there be ...music/no more of this

May you be ... happy
Translate: Všetky deti by mali mat rodinu. Zaoslavujme si trochu. Nech ste
spolu šťastní a zdraví. Je nevyhnutné, aby sa ekonomika zlepšila.
Mood = slovesný spôsob
Podmieňovací (Conditional Mood)
Prítomný podmieňovací spôsob:
I should go (Mal by som ísť)
I would go (Išiel by som)
A)
B) Minulý podmieňovací spôsob:
I should have been sent it (Mali mi to poslať)
I would have been asked (Poslali by mi to)
Exercise: Write 5 new year´s resolutions (I should stop
smoking)
Mood - exercises

Identify the mood (určite, o aký spôsob ide):
1.
I wish I passed this course.
I should be so lucky.
You are hungry, aren´t you?
Don´t bite more than you can chew.
Let the sleeping dogs lie.
Hallo?
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.