Transcript concorde

Simple Sentence
PRACTICE CLASS #9 (#10)
2012-05-22/23
NO
MORE
CONCORD
CONCORD
Concord is AGREEMENT between two sentence
elements with respect to certain grammatical
features.
Officially:
CONCORD
(sometimes
termed
AGREEMENT) is the relationship between TWO
GRAMMATICAL UNITS such that one of them
DISPLAYS A PARTICULAR FEATURE (e.g. plurality)
that ACCORDS WITH A DISPLAYED (or semantically
implicit) FEATURE in the other unit.
There are several types of concord.
PAGE 144 – exercise 8 (a-e)
PAGE 144 – exercise 8 (f-k)
PAGE 144 – exercise 8 (l-p)
BASIC INFORMATION
NEGATION
GENERAL TYPES OF NEGATION
• CLAUSE NEGATION – the whole clause is
syntactically treated as negative:
– She’s not an attractive woman in any respect(, is she?)
• LOCAL NEGATION – one constituent (but not
necessarily a clause element) is negated:
– She’s a not unattractive woman in some ways. (NOT: in any respect)
• PREDICATION NEGATION – very rare, applies only
after certain auxiliaries (often depends on
pronunciation):
– They may not go swimming. [=They are allowed not to go swimming]
NEGATION IS REALIZED THROUGH USE OF NEGATIVE
ITEMS.
NEGATION via NEGATIVE ITEMS
• The clause can be negated:
– EITHER BY NEGATING THE VERB,
– OR BY NEGATING OTHER SENTENCE ELEMENTS.
• Depending on what sentence element is being negated,
it is necessary to use different negative items:
– VERB NEGATION: the negative particle NOT is always used:
He does not dring. She is not a model wife.
– NEGATION OF OTHER SENTENCE ELEMENTS can be achieved
using DIFFERENT NEGATIVE ITEMS:
• Words negative in form and meaning: no, none, never, not
• Word negative in meaning only (not negative in form): rarely,
seldom, scarcely, barely, little, few
• VERBS, ADJECTIVE, PREPOSTIONS with IMPLIED NEGATIVE
MEANING: refuse, deny, fail; reluctant, unaware; without, against;
unless
NEGATION: SCOPE OF NEGATION
• The SCOPE OF NEGATION is the stretch of language
OVER WHICH THE NEGATIVE MEANING OPERATES
AND WHERE NON-ASSERTIVE ITEMS MUST BE
USED. The POSITION OF THE NEGATIVE
• The SCOPE
EXTENDS FROM THE
ITEM OF
mayNEGATION
drastically INFLUENCE
NEGATIVE
TO: OF THE WHOLE
THEITEM
MEANING
– THE END OF THESENTENCE:
CLAUSE (NOT NECESSARILY THE END
OF THE SENTENCE),
– THE END OF THE NEGATED PHRASE (IF ONLY A SINGLE
PHRASE IS NEGATED), OR
– THE BEGINNING OF THE FINAL ADJUNCT.
• WHY IS THIS SUCH A BIG DEAL?
SCOPE OF NEGATION
• She definitely didn’t speak to him.
= It is definite that she didn’t speak to him.
• She didn’t definitely speak to him.
= It is not definite that she spoke to him.
PAGE 145 – exercise 9 (a-d)
THERE AREN’T ANY STUDENTS IN THE CLASSROOM YET.
I WOULDN’T LIKE TO GO ANYWHERE FAR AWAY.
WE CANNOT BE FRIENDS ANY MORE/ANY LONGER.
HE HAS NEVER/RARELY GIVEN ME ANY USEFUL ADVICE.
PAGE 145 – exercise 9 (e-h)
YOU CAN’T PARK EITHER ON THE LEFT OF RIGHT HERE.
THE WEATHER DOESN’T SEEM ANY BETTER.
SUSAN WILL NEVER MANAGE TO DO ANYTHING USEFUL.
THERE WAS NO CHANCE ANYBODY WOULD COME.
PAGE 145 – exercise 9 (i-l)
BILL WAS UNENTHUSIASTIC TO READ ANY OF THE BOOKS.
NO PROBLEM CAN BE SOLVED LIKE THAT.
LITTLE OF THE FOOD WAS BAD.
THEY WON’T GO SHOPPING.
PAGE 146 – exercise 10
I (REALLY) DON’T (REALLY) UNDERSTAND.
THAT (SIMPLY) IS (SIMPLY) NOT ACCEPTABLE.
I (DEFINITELY) DON’T (DEFINITELY) KNOW (DEFINITELY) WHAT ….
(EVEN) HE (EVEN) DOESN’T (EVEN) TRY (EVEN).
BASIC INFORMATION
SENTENCE TYPES AND DISCOURSE
FUNCTION
Sentence types and discourse
functions
PAGE 146 – exercise 11 (a-d)
WHAT IS HER NAME?
WHERE DOES SHE COME FROM?
DID SOMEONE CALL HER LAST NIGHT?
CAN’T YOU GIVE US ANY HELP?
PAGE 146 – exercise 11 (e-h)
YOU’VE GOT YOUR CAMERA WITH YOU?
SHALL WE TRAVEL BY BUS OR TRAIN?
HASN’T SHE GROWN!
IS THAT A REASON FOR DESPAIR?
SEMANTIC ROLES
SUBJECT – semantically defined
DIRECT OBJECT – semantically defined
INDIRECT OBJECT – semantically defined
COMPLEMENTS – semantically defined
PAGE 143 – exercise 7 (a-e)
S: AGENT
O: THEME
S: POSSESOR
S: INSTRUMENT O: THEME
S: THEME
O: LOCATIVE
PAGE 143 – exercise 7 (f-j)
Oi: THEME (or RECIPIENT?)
Od: RESULT/EFFECTED (eventive)
Co: current attribute
of the object
Co: resulting attribute
of the object
Cs: resulting attribute
of the subject
S: INSTRUMENT
O: THEME
PAGE 143 – exercise 7 (k-o)
S: IDENTIFIED
S1: AGENT Oi1: RECIPIENT Od1: THEME
S:
THEME
Cs: current attribute
of the subject
S2: RECIPIENT
Od2: THEME
A: RECIPIENT
Oi: THEME
Od: RESULT/EFFECTED (eventive)
S: AGENT O: THEME
Co: current attribute of the object
PAGE 143 – exercise 7 (p-t)
S: EXPERIENCER
S: AGENT
O: LOCATIVE
S: AGENT O: RESULT/EFFECTED
(cognate)
S: EXPERIENCER
S: AGENT
O: INSTRUMENT
O: RESULT/EFFECTED
PAGE 143 – exercise 7 (u-z)
S: CAUSE
S: AGENT
S: AGENT
O: THEME
O: THEME
O: RESULT/EFFECTED
O: INSTRUMENT
S1: AGENT Oi1: RECIPIENT
Od1: RESULT/EFFECTED
S2: AGENT
S: EXPERIENCER
COMPLEX SENTENCE
CLASS #1 – 2012-05-22
PAGE 166 – exercise 1
FIRST, AN EXCERSISES TO PRACTICE TYPES OF
SENTENCES!
PAGE 166 – exercise 1 (a-c)
COMPOUND SENTENCE
COMPLEX SENTENCE
SIMPLE SENTENCE
“who was buying a paper” is a postmodification of the noun “man”,
so the SUBJECT is realized as a NOUN PHRASE
PAGE 166 – exercise 1 (d-f)
COMPLEX SENTENCE
COMPLEX SENTENCE
COMPLEX SENTENCE
PAGE 166 – exercise 1 (g-i)
COMPOUND SENTENCE
COMPLEX SENTENCE
SIMPLE SENTENCE
“when he will come” is a postmodification of the ADJ “sure”, so
the sentence is simple: S (NP) V (VP) Cs (AP)
PAGE 166 – exercise 1 (j-l)
COMPLEX SENTENCE
SIMPLE SENTENCE
“of working so hard” is a postmodification of the ADJ “tired”, so
the sentence is simple: S (NP) V (VP) Cs (AP)
COMPLEX SENTENCE
PAGE 166 – exercise 1 (m-n)
COMPLEX SENTENCE
COMPOUND SENTENCE
PAGE 166 – exercise 2
NOW, AN EXERCISE TO TEST YOUR GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
ON COMPLEX SENTENCES
PAGE 166 – exercise 2 (a-c)
OBJECT
OBJECT
(ADVERBIAL)
PAGE 166 – exercise 2 (d-f)
DIRECT OBJECT
SUBJECT
(ADVERBIAL)
PAGE 166 – exercise 2 (g-i)
SUBJECT
OBJECT
(ADVERBIAL)
PAGE 166 – exercise 2 (j-k)
(ADVERBIAL)
(ADVERBIAL)
PAGE 166 – exercise 2 (l-o)
l) Home is where the heart is.
ADVERBIAL
m) Jill hurt her arm playing tennis.
(ADVERBIAL)
n) The chairman of the committee turned traitor,
which was unexpected.
(ADVERBIAL)
o) To cut a long story short, they eventually
broke up. (ADVERBIAL)
Thank you for your time!
THE END