Transcript Pronoun - keimyungadams

FUNDAMENTALS OF WRITING
June 2, 2014
Writing Consultations
- Instead of an official make up class, everyone will
participate in a one-on-one writing consultation.
- Please check the website for the available time slots.
- Make sure you have prepared questions before coming to
the consultation.
A few notes about Problem-Solution writing
1. Make sure that your Situation paragraph provides
enough information for the reader to understand the
problem.
- State what the problem is.
- Provide details:
- What are the causes of the problem?
- Why did it happen?
- Who does it affect?
- What are the effects of the problem?
- Why is it a problem?
Remember to provide EVIDENCE to support your ideas.
A few notes about Problem-Solution writing
2. In the Solutions section:
- State what the solution is, and provide details about the
solution.
-What are the steps that must be taken for the
solution to be implemented/for the solution to work?
- Who will be involved?
- Timeframe
- How?
- Where?
- Costs?
A few notes about Problem-Solution writing
2. In the Solutions section:
- Evaluate the solution (IMPORTANT!)
- Feasibility: How possible/practical is your
solution?
- What are the main advantages?
 How can it address the problem?
- What are possible issues/disadvantages/objections?
 Can these be justified, or overcome?
A few notes about Problem-Solution writing
2. In the Solutions section:
Again, use EVIDENCE wherever possible.
Today
Improving writing clarity:
- Pronoun reference errors
- Avoiding nominalization
Pronouns
I, he, she, they, us, them, which…
Terms to keep in mind
Pronoun = a part of language that substitutes for nouns or
noun phrases.
i.e., it, she, he, they, mine, yours, we, them…
Antecedent = the word or phrase to which a pronoun refers.
i.e., Debbie told Andrew that she was sick.
Pronouns
I, he, she, they, us, them, which…
- Often, a pronoun’s antecedent is clear.
i.e., James and Jane love golfing. They often go to the golf
course together.
John Adams was a great, but misunderstood man. He
was greatly influential in early American politics.
However, …
Read these sentences
To prevent children from sucking their thumbs, some parents put
them in Tabasco sauce.
Pearl Buck received much critical praise for her work and earned
over $7 million, but she was very modest about it.
Bill bought a Norwegian boat because he had heard that they
make the best boats.
After jack put his computer on the table, it broke.
At a local restaurant, they provide each table with a bowl of
peanuts.
Read these sentences
To prevent children from sucking their thumbs, some parents put
them in Tabasco sauce.
Pearl Buck received much critical praise for her work and earned
over $7 million, but she was very modest about it.
Bill bought a Norwegian boat because he had heard that they
make the best boats.
After jack put his computer on the table, it broke.
At a local restaurant, they provide each table with a bowl of
peanuts.
Terms to keep in mind
Pronoun = a part of language that substitutes for nouns or
noun phrases.
i.e., it, she, he, they, mine, yours, we, them…
Antecedent = the word or phrase to which a pronoun refers.
i.e., Debbie told Andrew that she was sick.
Pronoun reference errors
When the antecedent in a sentence or paragraph is
unclear, the meaning of the sentence or paragraph can be
confusing.
This problem negatively affects writing clarity & coherence.
 remember, avoid confusing your reader!
Pronoun reference errors
Common unclear pronoun references:
1. More than one possible antecedent
i.e.,
To prevent children from sucking their thumbs, some parents put
them in Tabasco sauce.
Jack told Frank he wasn’t going to get the job.
Pronoun reference errors
1. More than one possible antecedent
To prevent children from sucking their thumbs, some
parents put them in Tabasco sauce.
- The children or the thumbs?
Jack told Frank he wasn’t going to get the job.
- Who wasn’t going to get the job? Jack or Frank?
Pronoun reference errors
1. More than one possible antecedent
When the hotel staff mistakenly booked two wedding
parties at the same time, neither of the bride's
families would agree to be relocated. The situation was
embarrassing for them.
- Embarrassing for whom? The hotel staff, the families, or
the brides?
Fixing pronoun reference errors
There are 2 strategies to fix pronoun reference errors:
1. Use a specific word instead of the pronoun.
Jack told Frank he wasn’t going to get the job.
 Jack told Frank that Frank wasn’t going to get the
job.
Fixing pronoun reference errors
There are 2 strategies to fix pronoun reference errors:
2. Completely revise the sentence.
Jack told Frank he wasn’t going to get the job.
 Jack told Frank, “You aren’t going to get the job.”
Fixing pronoun reference errors
There are 2 strategies to fix pronoun reference errors:
1. Use a specific word instead of the pronoun.
To prevent children from sucking their thumbs, some
parents put them in Tabasco sauce.
 To prevent their children from sucking their thumbs,
some parents put their child’s thumb in Tabasco sauce.
Fixing pronoun reference errors
There are 2 strategies to fix pronoun reference errors:
2. Completely revise the sentence.
To prevent children from sucking their thumbs, some
parents put them in Tabasco sauce.
 Some parents put their child’s thumb in Tabasco sauce
to prevent thumb sucking.
Pronoun reference errors
Common unclear pronoun references:
2. The antecedent is only implied
i.e.,
One of the engineers on NASA's team forgot to translate a
mathematical formula, causing the rocket to change direction and
crash. This was a disaster for the team.
- The use of “this” is what caused the problem.
- Do not use “this” without a clarifying noun afterwards.
i.e., “This mistake was a disaster for the team.”
“This change of direction was a disaster for the team.”
Pronoun reference errors
Common unclear pronoun references:
2. The antecedent is only implied
i.e.,
One of the engineers on NASA's team forgot to translate a
mathematical formula, causing the rocket to change direction
and crash. This was a disaster for the team.
One of the engineers on NASA's team forgot to translate a
mathematical formula into metric, causing the rocket to change
direction and crash. This mistake was a disaster for the team.
Pronoun reference errors
Other tips:
- Be careful with “it”.
“It says on the news that a storm is coming.”

“The news says that a storm is coming.”
Pronoun reference errors
Other tips:
- Make sure there is one clear antecedent for “which”,
“this, and “that”
“While juggling the kittens on the kitchen table, Lawrence
lost his balance, tripped on the rice cooker, and kicked it on
the floor, which really upset Julia.”
What upset Julia?
Pronoun reference errors
Other tips:
“While juggling the kittens on the kitchen table, Lawrence
lost his balance, tripped on the rice cooker, and kicked it on
the floor, which really upset Julia.”
While juggling the kittens on the kitchen table, Lawrence
lost his balance, tripped on the rice cooker, and kicked it on
the floor. Scratch marks on the table really upset Julia.
Pronoun reference errors
Other tips:
“While juggling the kittens on the kitchen table, Lawrence
lost his balance, tripped on the rice cooker, and kicked it on
the floor, which really upset Julia.”
While juggling the kittens on the kitchen table, Lawrence
lost his balance, tripped on the rice cooker, and kicked it on
the floor. Endangering the kittens really upset Julia.
Pronoun reference errors
Other tips:
“While juggling the kittens on the kitchen table, Lawrence
lost his balance, tripped on the rice cooker, and kicked it on
the floor, which really upset Julia.”
While juggling the kittens on the kitchen table, Lawrence
lost his balance, tripped on the rice cooker, and kicked it on
the floor. Breaking the rice cooker really upset Julia.
Pronoun reference errors
I majored in banking, but I don’t want to work in one.
 I majored in banking, but I won’t want to work in a bank.
My brother never asks for directions, which really annoys me.
 My brother never asks for directions, a habit which really
annoys me.
In Tokyo they eat a lot of fish.
 People in Tokyo eat a lot of fish.
It says in the paper that the city council will approve the budget.
 The paper says that the city council will approve the budget.
• 1. When Frank accidentally walked into the ladies'
bathroom, they burst out laughing.
•
•
• 3. When I opened the doors of the pigeon cages, most
of them flew away.
• 7. With my experience caring for my autistic brother, it has
prepared me for a job in Special Education.
• 4. It says in our English textbook that pronouns should
refer clearly to their antecedents.
•
• 5. At the company where I work, they don't allow smoking
even outside the building.
•
• 6. If the test is postponed until Monday, it will give more
time to study.
Nominalization
Noun forms of verbs.
i.e.,
illustrate  illustration
fail  failure
react  reaction
Nominalization
Turning a verb into a noun.
- We implemented the plan successfully
- The implementation of the plan was successful.
Try to avoid this as much as possible.
Nominalization
The detective conducted an investigation of the crime.
The hope of the student is to earn good grades.
There was flooding in the building by heavy rains.
A ski trip should be planned.
Nominalization
Problems created by nominalization:
- Passive voice
- Unnecessary words
- loss of agent
- use of “be” verbs as main verb
- loss of clarity.
First: Review - Nominalization
Nominalization can make writing very confusing:
An expansion in the utilization of pencils was the cause of
the reduction in the utilization of red ink. (19 words).
An expansion in the utilization of pencils was the cause of
the reduction in the utilization of red ink. (19 words).
 People are using less ink because they are using more
pencils. (12 words),
First: Review - Nominalization
Nominalization can make writing very confusing:
The analysis process that was the requirement of the
experimentation protocol is an indication of researchers’
lack of ability in data synthesis. (22 words)
The analysis process that was the requirement of the
experimentation protocol is an indication of researchers’
lack of ability in data synthesis. (22 words)
 The way the researchers analyzed the data indicates
they do not know how to synthesize data. (16 words)