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Matakuliah : G0332/English Phonology
Tahun
: 2007
Complex Word Stress
Pertemuan 9
Two types of complex Words
• Words made from a basic word (or stem) with the
addition of an affix (eg. Personality)
• Compound words which are made of two or more
independent words (eg. Armchair)
3
Bina Nusantara
Effects on word stress
• The affix itself receives the primary stress ; ex. Semi +
‘circle  ‘semicircle
• The word is stressed just as if the affix is not there; ex.
‘pleasant  un’pleasant; ‘market  ‘marketing.
• The stress remains on the stem, not the affix, but is
shifted to a different syllable ; ex. : ‘magnet  mag’netic.
4
Bina Nusantara
Stem + Affix
Suffixes which carry primary stress:
– ain : enter’tain, ascer’tain
– ee: refu’gee, evacu’ee
– eer: mountai’neer, volun’teer
– ese: portu’guese, journa’lese
– ette: ciga’rette, laun’drette
– esque: picture’resque, u’nique
Bina Nusantara
Stem + Affix
• Suffixes which do not affect stress placement:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Bina Nusantara
able: ‘comfort, ‘comfortable
age: ‘anchor,’anchorage
en: ‘wide,’widen
ful: ‘wonder, ‘wonderful
ing:’amaze,’amazing
ish: ‘devil, ‘devilish
like: ‘bird,’birdlike
less: ‘power, ‘powerless
Stem + Affix
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Bina Nusantara
ly: ‘hurried, ‘hurriedly
ment: ‘punish, ‘punishment
ness: ‘yellow, ‘yellowness
ous: ‘glory, ‘glorious
fy: ‘glory, ‘glorify
wise: ‘other, ‘otherwise
y: ‘fun, ‘funny
Stem + Affix
• Suffix which influence stress in the stem
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Bina Nusantara
eous: ‘advantage, advan’tageous
graphy: ‘photo, pho’tography
ial: ‘proverb, pro’verbial
ic: ‘climate, cli’matic
ion: ‘perfect, per’fection
ious: ‘injure, in’jurious
ty: ‘tranquil, tran’quility
ive: ‘reflex, re’flexive
Compound Words
• A compound word can have stress on the first element
such as: ‘blackboard, ‘hotbed, ‘blueberry, ‘mailman,
‘shortcake.
• But modifier + noun may have the stress on the second
element such as: Hot ‘house, dark ‘room, black ‘bird,
tender ‘foot, handy ‘man.
• Compound with the first element in number have final
stress such as : three ‘wheeler, second ‘class, five
‘finger.
• Compound functioning as adverb are final stressed such
as: head ’first, north ‘east, down ‘stream.
Bina Nusantara
Compound Words
• Compound with adjectival first element and –ed
morpheme at the end have this pattern, such as: bad –
’tempered ; half – ‘timbered; heavy –’handed.
• Compounds which function as verbs and have and
adverbial first element have final stress, such as: down
‘grade, back ‘pedal, ill ‘treat.
Bina Nusantara
Shifting/ Variable Stress
• Many words in English have shifting stress : the position
of stress may shift with a change of context.
• In isolation, before a pause, or before a weak syllable,
these words have a primary stress on the last syllable.
• When the primary stress in such a word occurs directly
before another syllable with primary stress, the primary
stress can be shifted to the front of the compound word
or demoted to the second word.
Bina Nusantara
Grammatical stress pattern
1.
2.
3.
4.
The placement of stress mark will determine the
meaning of the compound noun.
Compound noun pattern : ´` : blackboard, hotbed
Modifier + noun pattern : `´ : hot house, dark room
´high `chair : special chair for infant
`high ´chair: chair that is high
Verb + object pattern : `´ : baking apples, racing horses
Verb + adverbial pattern : `´ : cutting up, handed out.
But the nouns derived from this pattern has the pattern
´` : cutup, handouts.
Bina Nusantara
Word Class Pair
Different word class will have different stress placement
• ‘abstract (A) ; ab’stract (V)
• ‘conduct (N); con’duct (V)
• ‘desert (N); de’sert (V)
• ‘export (N), ex’port (V)
• ‘object (N), ob’ject (V)
Bina Nusantara