Transcript sentence - WritingSecondarySubjects

Grammar for Beginners Across the KLAs
Workshop 3
Grammar Workshop 3
In this session we will review and learn more
about:
• grammar terms/categories
• verbs/verb groups and tense
• what is a successful sentence
• conjunctions
• pronouns
• simple, compound and complex sentences
Grammar terms at word level
• Activity
What is a verb or verb group?
The verb is the engine house of our language.
Verbs are the basis of any message communicated. They
provide movement or action or a sense of what is happening.
There are different types of verbs:
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Action verbs (They danced all night.)
Saying verbs (He whispered softly.)
Thinking verbs (She forgot his name.)
Feeling verbs (Sarah likes baked beans.)
Relating verbs (Cows are herbivorous.)
Ref “A Grammar Companion” pages 54-60
What is a verb or verb group?
 A verb/verb group may consist of a single
word
eg He rode the bike.
or a number of words
eg We are travelling by bus to the game .
eg He will probably be arriving at 6pm.
eg They had been waiting for two hours.
Activity
Name the types of verbs/verb groups from the passage.
Verb Tense
Tense tells us about time – when an action
takes place. The verb group tells us
whether something is happening in the
present, the past or the future.
• Activity: Past - Present - Future
Simple Sentences
• 1. Ian Thorpe lived in Australia.
• 2.This extraordinarily fast, gold medal
winner, Ian Thorpe lived in Australia with
his Mum, dad and sister.
An independent clause
An independent clause
An independent clause
English is...
• A subject, verb and (often) object
language...(SVO)
• The clause is our basic unit of meaning.
• A clause conveys a message. What is
happening, who is taking part and the
circumstances surrounding the activity.
• Verbs are the engine room of our
language...
Compound sentences
3.Ian Thorpe lived in Australia and
this extraordinarily fast, gold medal
winner lived in Sydney with his mum,
dad and sister.
Compound sentences are...
• Two or more independent clauses joined
by a conjunction (joining word)
eg and, but, yet, or, either...or, neither…nor
• Each clause makes sense and could stand
alone by itself. It does not need the other
clause to make sense.
Simple and compound
sentences
For example
• I saw the egg. It was beautiful.
• I wanted to go but decided to keep
watching .
• It had three orange eyes and two blue legs
and it was scaly and red.
Conjunctions
• Conjunctions can join words or phrases or
clauses and only operate within a sentence.
In compound sentences conjunctions join
independent clauses.
eg and, or – give same weighting or importance
yet, but – provide contrast
Activities: Clive Eats Alligators by Alison Lester
Sample Text D
Simple or Compound?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Grammar can be challenging.
Who is Ian Thorpe?
Grammar can be challenging but I like learning about it.
Shoot the goal!
They came; they stayed.
A dog loves to play ball.
I found the plates.
They were chipped and had lots of cracks.
I picked them up but I could not hold them.
Are these successful sentences?
• long and rambling
The thing that came out of the egg was
small and green and it had wings but I
don’t think it could fly and it looked at me
because it was cold and I asked it what its
name was and it said it was called Bruce.
Are these successful sentences?
• run on
It was totally amazing, it had the greenest
eyes I have ever seen.
I told Mum, she did not believe me.
Are these successful sentences?
• fragment
Because it was too small.
In the world of dragons where everything is
dangerous but wonderful things happen.
• an essential part of the sentence is missing
Don’t pick up the because it might bite.
(Creature, monster, dragon, child…)
What you do important because it might die.
(is, might be, could be…)
Learning to live with
Complex Sentences
In this session you will
• Define Independence and Dependence
• Review Independent Clauses
• Learn about the three basic patterns that
make up complex sentences.
Independent Clause
• The menacing muppet flew into a rage.
An independent clause
An independent clause
• Is a sentence
• Stands on its own
• Is perfectly fine as it is.
But sometimes we want more
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Pictures or images using words
More general information
Information specific to a topic
More detailed description
But how do we add information to
our sentences
without making run-on or incorrect
sentences?
eg When you get a dog you will find that they can waste a lot of your time
and money because they need to be taken for walks and they need to be
bathed every week and they cause trouble with neighbours especially when
they bark at night and keep people awake when they need to sleep because
they have to get up and go to work the next day.
We can write complex
sentences.
Not all of our sentences have to be short.
We need both long and short sentences.
What Bev says……..
• “In a complex sentence, there is a clause
expressing the main message and another
clause (or clauses) which elaborates on
that message in some way. While the
main clause is independent, the other
clause is dependent on the main clause
for its meaning.”
Derewianka, B (1998) A Grammar Companion for Primary Teachers Sydney:PETA
Some Examples
They ran
as if they were being chased by a madman
Independent Clause
Dependent Clause
The metal rod expanded
because it was heated
Independent Clause
Dependent Clause
If the box breaks
the beads will spill everywhere
Dependent Clause
Independent Clause
A gunman died of massive head wounds today
while injuring two other people
after shooting his estranged wife
Independent Clause
Dependent Clause
Dependent Clause
Derewianka, B (1998) A Grammar Companion for Primary Teachers Sydney:PETA
There are three basic patterns
• Add information at the beginning of a
sentence
• Add information in the middle of a
sentence
• Add information at the end of a sentence
The Three Basic Patterns
• Beginning
,the menacing
muppet flew into a rage.
• The menacing muppet, middle , flew into
a rage.
• The menacing muppet flew into a rage,
end
What you add to the sentence
• Can’t be a whole new sentence
• Can’t stand on its own— it must be…
If independence means to
stand on your own,what does
dependence mean?
Dependent: because people had
started to laugh
• This has a noun and a verb
• Does it stand on its own?
• Does it express a complete thought?
must lean on an
Independent clause (sentence)
Where should we add the
dependent?
• Beginning
• Middle
• End
Let’s try it out
• Which one sounds the best?
• Does it add detail to the sentence?
• Does it really matter?
The three basic patterns
• Because people had started to laugh, the
menacing muppet flew into a rage.
• The menacing muppet, after realising that
people had started to laugh, flew into a
rage.
• The menacing muppet flew into a rage
because people had started to laugh.
Dependent
Dependents can be many
things, but they will always
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Begin (in the first or initial position)
Interrupt (in the middle or medial position)
Close (in the end or final position)
Add detail to, or elaborate an independent
clause
Remember
must lean on an
Independent clause (sentence)
Complex sentences
A complex sentence has a main clause and
at least one dependent clause. It has at
least two verbs.
The main clause can stand alone.
There are many different types of
dependent clause.
Dependent clauses
Today we will explore 2 types of dependent
clause:
• Adverbial clause
• Adjectival clause
Complex sentences - examples
I ran to the window because I needed to escape.
(adverbial)
When I awoke, I was terrified. (adverbial clause in
first position)
The hat, which was colourful, lay on the floor.
(adjectival)
Activity - Building complex sentences
• The dog smelled horrible. He was covered
in mud and slime.
• The magician is very old. He knows many
tricks.
• We landed with a bang. We fell out onto
the ground. We were not hurt.
Activity – possible answers
• The dog smelled horrible because he was covered
in mud and slime.
• The magician, who knows many tricks, is very old.
• Although we landed with a bang and fell onto the
ground, we were not hurt.
The adverbial clause
• An adverbial clause is a dependent clause
and performs a job similar to adverbs and
adverbial phrases by providing more
information about a verb (in the main
clause).
• An adverbial clause begins with a
conjunction and includes a verb/verb group.
Some Examples
They ran
as if they were being chased by a madman
Independent Clause
Dependent Clause
The metal rod expanded
because it was heated
Independent Clause
Dependent Clause
If the box breaks
the beads will spill everywhere
Dependent Clause
Independent Clause
A gunman died of massive head wounds today
while injuring two other people
after shooting his estranged wife
Independent Clause
Dependent Clause
Dependent Clause
Derewianka, B (1998) A Grammar Companion for Primary Teachers Sydney:PETA
Conjunctions and Relationships
• Different types of conjunctions are used to
show different types of relationships:
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5.
6.
Adding information: and, but, or, yet (in compound
sentences)
Place eg wherever
Time eg after, as long as, whenever, while, until
Manner eg like, as though, by
Cause eg because, as a result, so that
Concession eg even though, despite, although
Conjunctions used to link dependent and
independent clauses include:
Binding words and complexity
Because is an example of a binding conjunction.
I am hungry. I am going to eat. (simple sentences)
I am going to eat because I am hungry. (complex sentence)
The two sections cannot be moved while leaving ‘because’
in the same place as it changes the meaning. Because
needs to travel with the dependent clause:
Because I am hungry, I am going to eat. (complex)
One test for whether a clause is using a binding
conjunction is to consider whether it can be moved to the
first position (before the main clause).
The adverbial clause
• Binding conjunctions are trigger
words for adverbial phrases.
Examples: see blue handout sheet
The adjectival clause
• An adjectival clause is a dependent clause and
performs a job similar to adjectives and adjectival
phrases by providing more information about a
noun/noun group preceding it.
• An adjectival clause usually begins with a relative
pronoun (who, whose, whom, which, that, where)
which refers to the preceding noun
• and includes a verb/verb group.
Relative pronouns
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who
whose
whom
which
that
where
(refer handout booklet for types of pronoun)
The adjectival clause
For example,
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the house that I live in
an old lady who swallowed a fly
the house which was made from bricks
the unfortunate lady whose credit card was stolen
• ‘The Story of the Little Mole who knew it was None
of his Business’ by Werner Holzwarth/Wolf Erlbruch
The adjectival clause
• Adjectival clauses work like adjectives and
adjectival phrases – they add more information
to the noun.
– Which mole?
The mole ‘who knew it was none of his
business.’
– Which dove?
The dove ‘who was flying past’
The adjectival clause
(Relative pronouns: who, whose, whom, which,
that, where)
The adjectival clause usually begins with a
relative pronoun that refers to the preceding
noun/noun group:
eg
The hat, which was colourful, lay on the floor.
The adjectival clause
• Relative pronouns are the trigger
words for adjectival clauses.
Examples: see blue handout sheet
Sentences with dependent clauses
• Activities
- Sentence Structure:
Is it simple, compound or complex?
What type of dependent clauses are in the
complex sentences?
- Sample Text C
In Workshop 3 we have reviewed
and explored:
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grammar terms/categories
verbs/verb groups and tense
what is a successful sentence
conjunctions
pronouns
simple, compound and complex sentences
Evaluation and Reflections